Chapter 13: Tropical Africa and Asia

Warm Up Chapter 121. What Mongol empire was in Russia?2. What Mongol empire was in modern day Iran?3. Where does the Ming dynasty first establish their

capital? Why?4. Who was Zeng He? Impact?5. Name 2 Ming achievements:6. Shoguns vs. Samurai:

Warm Up Ch 12

1. Kublai Khan established what empire?2. Name 2 Ming achievements:3. 2 achievements of Yi dynasty:4. Why are the Europeans closed off from

China?5. Decline of the Ming Empire: 6. Shoguns vs. Samurai:

• I. Tropical Lands and Peoples– A. The Tropical Environment– Afro-Asian tropics cycle of rainy and dry seasons– Different environments: coastal West Africa, arid

southwest Africa, Sahara, rivers and valleys– B. Water Systems and Irrigation– Slash and burn agriculture: farmers abandon their

fields every few years and cleared new areas by cutting and burning vegetation

– Construction of dams, canals, and reservoirs– In India these water projects helped but were always

vulnerable to natural disasters like monsoons

– C. Mineral Resources– Iron, copper, and gold:– Iron was used for tools, weapons, and needles– Copper was used for wire and decorations– Gold was abundant in Africa and had many purposes– Metalworking and food producing systems produce

surplus creating profit– Elite class comes because of work of ordinary people

• II. New Islamic Empires– A. Mali in Western Sudan– Islam was spread through Africa by commercial

contact and trading– 1240 the Mali kingdom arises prospering through

trade in Africa and control of gold mines– Mansa Kankan Musa (1312-1337) made a pilgrimage

to Mecca and established mosques and Quranic schools

– Much of the wealth of the empire came from the taxation of the gold-salt trade

– Mali kept order along the trade routes by using a large army

– Converted to Islam and their famous ruler Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca• Brought Mali to the attention of the Europeans

– Exports: gold and salt– Famous trading city of Timbuktu

– Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca

• Musa made his pilgrimage in 1324, his procession reported to include 60,000 men, 12,000 slaves, heralds dressed in silks who bore gold staffs, organized horses and handled bags. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, feeding the entire company of men and animals.[7] Also in the train were 80 camels, which varying reports claim carried between 50 and 300 pounds of gold dust each. Musa not only gave to the cities he passed on the way to Mecca, including Cairo and Medina, but also traded gold for souvenirs. Furthermore, it has been recorded that he built a mosque each and every Friday.

• Musa's journey was documented by several eyewitnesses along his route, who were in awe of his wealth and extensive procession, and records exist in a variety of sources, including journals, oral accounts and histories. Musa is known to have visited with the Mamluk sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad of Egypt in July of 1324.[8]

• Musa's generous actions, however, inadvertently devastated the economy of the region. In the cities of Cairo, Medina and Mecca, the sudden influx of gold devalued the metal for the next decade. Prices on goods and wares super inflated in an attempt to adjust to the newfound wealth that was spreading throughout local populations. To rectify the gold market, Musa borrowed all the gold he could carry from money-lenders in Cairo, at high interest. This is the only time recorded in history that one man directly controlled the price of gold in the Mediterranean.[9]

– Ibn Battuta: – Voyages of Muhammad ibn Battuta was to explore

the Islamic world– Traveled through Central Asia, Spain, and Southeast

Africa– His journeys gave valuable information about

geography and people of Africa– Ibn Battuta traveled through East Africa in merchant

ships and through West Africa through caravans

• He travelled more than 75,000 miles (121,000 km), a figure unsurpassed by any individual traveller until the coming of the Steam Age some 450 years later.[1]

• I left Tangier, my birthplace, on Thursday, 2nd Rajab 725 [June 14, 1325], being at that time twenty-two years of age [22 lunar years; 21 and 4 months by solar reckoning], with the intention of making the Pilgrimage to the Holy House [at Mecca] and the Tomb of the Prophet [at Medina].

• I set out alone, finding no companion to cheer the way with friendly intercourse, and no party of travellers with whom to associate myself. Swayed by an overmastering impulse within me, and a long-cherished desire to visit those glorious sanctuaries, I resolved to quit all my friends and tear myself away from my home. As my parents were still alive, it weighed grievously upon me to part from them, and both they and I were afflicted with sorrow.

– B. Delhi in India– Between 1206-1236 Muslims invaded India and

established Delhi as their Muslim capital– Conquered by using strong crossbows on horseback– Muslim rulers then came and peacefully ruled India

however there was always tension (schism) between Hindu and Muslim in India

– “The city of Delhi and its vicinity was freed from idols and idol worship, and in the sanctuaries of the images of the Hindu Gods, mosques were raised by the worshippers of one God.”

– 1398 Timur sacked Delhi

• Delhi– Sultanate Raziya was a great

ruler and monarch– She instilled religious

tolerance toward Hindus in India

– She was one of the few sultanates to rule not by terror

– Quote on page 364 thoughts…

– Most Delhi Sultans ruled by terror and were a burden to their people

• III. Indian Ocean Trade– A. Monsoon Mariners– Indian Ocean trade increased between 1200 and

1500– Faster and can carry more– Chinese and southeast Asian Junks could carry up to

1000 tons of goods– Indian dhows carried along the East African coast

and could carry 400 tons of goods

– People had to move to sea trade because the land trade to the Asian countries was cut off by the Ottoman Empire

• B. Africa: Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe

• 40 cities on the African coast participated in trade

• Swahili coast of Africa exported gold in the capital of Great Zimbabwe

• Economy of Great Zimbabwe was agriculture and trade

– Exporters of Gold made money however it opened the door to European greed seeing how much gold is really in Africa

– Great Zimbabwe falls because of deforestation and overgrazing

– C. India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast– Red Sea exported wheat – Muslims controlled trade along Red Sea– India (Gujarat) traded cotton textiles, leather goods,

carpet, spices, and silk– Dominated by the Muslims– Southeast Asian traded was dominated by Chinese

pirates and the Ming dynasty conquered the pirates– Muslim leader of Malacca made it a great trading

port– Muslims dominate the Strait of Malacca

• IV. Social and Cultural Change• A. Architecture, Religion– Ethiopian churches/mosques are carved from solid

rock pg. 373– In the Indian city of Ahmadabad Hindu-Muslim

mosques were erected in 1423. – Islam brought education to Africa and Arabic literacy– Islam brought Greek science, math, and medicine to

Africa and India

– The southern half of Africa developed states more slowly and most of the people lived in stateless societies until the 11th century CE

– Stateless society is a group of independent villages organized by clans and led by a local ruler or clan head

– B. Gender and Hierarchy – Gap between commoners and elite widened because of the

Indian Ocean trade– Slavery increased in Africa and India. Between 1200 and

1500 estimated 2.5 million slaves traded– Slaves were skill specific (copper mining, household, military,

entertainers)– Indian women had arranged marriages– Status was dependent upon their husbands status

WRITING PROMPT

½ page explaining the difference in transfusion of Islam in India and Africa