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Stress and Health
Stress is a risk factor for the development of disease
Stress may aggravate an existing disease or interfere with recovery
Stress may reduce compliance with treatment for disease
Stress and Disease Negative emotions and health-related
consequences
Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressorsand negative
emotions
Release of stresshormones
Heartdisease
Immunesuppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
Chronic vs. acute stress
We are designed to handle acute stress Chronic stress is a modern phenomenon
that has negative effects on our health Hormones released during the stress
response have negative effects when released continuously
cortisol suppresses the immune system and disrupts sleep
adrenaline can increase risk factors for cardiovascular disease and sleep problems
Stress and the heart Heart disease is the leading
cause of death in America Coronary Heart Disease
clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many developed countries
Stress and the heart Heart disease is the leading cause of
death in America Research links stress to increased risk
of heart disease Type A vs. Type B personality
Type A linked to heart attacks hostility is the key factor in Type As sympathetic nervous system in Type As
works overtime
Stress and the Heart Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
easygoing, relaxed people
Toxic traits
Pessimism Negative interpretation of events
Hostility An aggressively reactive
temperament Hopelessness
A sense of no control over events
Stress and the Heart
Hopelessnessscores
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0 Heart attack DeathLow risk Moderate risk High risk
Men who feel extreme hopelessnessare at greater risk for heart attacksand early death
Life events
Tendency toward
Health Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge Threat
Personality typeEasy going
NondepressedOptimistic
HostileDepressedPessimistic
Personality habitsNonsmoking
Regular exerciseGood nutrition
SmokingSedentary
Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring Lacking