Chapter 14: The Civil War The Secession Crisis. Withdrawal of the South 2 7 states had withdrawn by the time Lincoln took office Confederacy Established

Chapter 14: The Civil War

The Secession Crisis

Withdrawal of the South

2

• 7 states had withdrawn by the time Lincoln took office

• Confederacy Established

• Failure of Compromise• Crittenden Compromise

• Extend the Mo. Comp. line

• Fort Sumter• Lincoln’s predicament• South begins war• Four more states break away

• Lincoln: Fed. Govt. would “hold, occupy, and posses” Federal property

Fort Sumter

© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Fort Sumter, SC (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

Lincoln’s Cause: UNION, NOT ABOLITION. WHY?

Lincoln cannot lose control of Southern Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois NOR the Border States.

“I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all against us. And the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including surrender of this capital.”

http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/tables/BorderPop1860.html

Balance of PowerSOUTH Defensive Strategy Better officers Military Culture Limited

transportation Limited

manufacturing Limited population

(slave revolution?)

NORTH Offensive Strategy Incompetent/Hesitant

Officers Urban culture Extensive ports&

transportation system Extensive Manufacturing Immigration/Population

booming

The Mobilization of the North


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• Economic Nationalism• Homestead and Morrill Acts• Transcontinental Railroad

• National Bank Acts• State banks could issue U.S. Treasury

• Financing the War• Greenbacks• Loans from the people• Loans from foreign countries

“Greenbacks” Backed By…


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Raising the Union Armies

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• Volunteer militias• Called for 3 years of service instead of 3

months

• Conscription laws• What is Conscription?• How do you avoid it?

• Bounties• New York City

Draft Riots• Over 100 dead!

DRAFT RIOTS:NYC draft riots in July 1863. 11 African Americans lynched. 100 killed.


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Wartime Leadership and Politics

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Bold Use of Presidential Powers “It would be foolish to lose the

whole by being afraid to disregard a part” – Lincoln What does this mean? Suspended Habeas Corpus Sent troops into battle w/o Congress Declared a Southern blockade

“Copperheads” “Peace Democrats”

George B. McClellan and election of 1864.

VIDEO: Northern Internal Dissent

Copperhead Propaganda

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The War comes to “Mobtown”

Baltimore was nation’s 2nd largest city at the time

Baltimore was infamous in the US for its unruly mobs and riots

Gangs ruled the city: Plug-uglies, Red Necks, Gladiators, Black Snakes, Blood Tubs and Spartans…

The Know Nothings had utilized violence during the election year of 1855.

Only 9% of Maryland had voted for Lincoln or Douglas.

Lincoln traveled incognito through Baltimore on the way to his inauguration due to rumors of an assassination plot.

Trouble Brews… Marylanders were divided over both secession and Lincoln’s

handling of Ft. Sumter (attacked on April 12th).

Marylanders, like Virginians, found Lincoln’s April 14th call for volunteers to “suppress” the rebellion deeply troubling, even provocative. Sixth Massachusetts Regiment answers Lincoln’s call for 90 Day volunteer enlistment.

Five unarmed companies of Pennsylvania militiamen are set upon by mobs in Baltimore.

Many soldiers are hurt.

The mob focuses its attack on the one free black in uniform, slashing and stabbing him with knives

Baltimore officials urge Lincoln to send no more troops through the city.

http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3506

“Another Lexington” or another “Boston Massacre”?

6th Mass. Leaves Boston on April 17th and arrives in Baltimore April 19th.

An mob of approx. 5,000 Baltimoreans attack the militiamen. Many on both sides of fighting are wounded.

21 killed: (5soldiers). 100’s injured. Pvt. Luther Ladd, aged 17, hit in the head and shot while

on the ground – dies of his wounds. Corporal Needham, shot in the neck and stomped to death

by the mob.

Last company to march sustains 25% casualties.

Snipers fire at the train from Baltimore to Washington, DC

THESE ARE THE FIRST TROOPS KILLED IN THE CIVIL WAR.

“The outbreak of April 19th was not the return of mob law as Northern papers say. The Unionists are roughs. It resulted from the irrepressible indignation of the people at seeing armed men pass over our soil to subjugate our brethren of the South.”- McHenry Howard (Baltimore secessionist)

http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01317.jpg

AFTER EFFECTS On April 20th the Governor, Mayor of Baltimore, and Police

Commissioner order all bridges leading into the city destroyed.

Lincoln censors all telegraph offices. Seizes transcript records.

Suspected “traitors” and secessionists are arrested.

September 1861: Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and orders the governor, mayor, chief of police, many prominent citizens, legislators, and newspapermen arrested.

Most arrested are held in Fort McHenry and other northern forts for years, without trial.

Baltimore is placed under martial law. Union troops occupy and fortify Federal Hill.

Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862 Photographed by David Bachrach MHS Library, Special Collections Department

“After the riots of 1861, Baltimore illustrated the nation’s divided sympathies. If you were for the Confederacy, it was an occupied city. If you favored the Union, General Butler and his troops were protecting the city from the rebels. Legend reports that the fort’s troops enjoyed pointing out to nervous locals that the cannons were aimed at the Washington Monument, located in the center of the city, in case of insurrection.”

http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32

Maryland, My Maryland

IThe despot's heel is on thy shore,

Maryland!His torch is at thy temple door,

Maryland!Avenge the patriotic goreThat flecked the streets of Baltimore,And be the battle queen of yore,

Maryland! My Maryland!

VIDear Mother! burst the tyrant's chain,

Maryland!Virginia should not call in vain,

Maryland!She meets her sisters on the plain-"Sic semper!" 'tis the proud refrainThat baffles minions back again,

Maryland!Arise in majesty again,

Maryland! My Maryland!

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Politics of Emancipation

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Split between the “radical” Republicans and “conservative” Republicans

Why?

Confiscation Act All slaves used to support the confederacy would be

considered “free” As the war continued, many Republicans began to view

emancipation as the central theme of the war Why?

The Emancipation Proclamation The Thirteenth Amendment,1865

What did these two say?

Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863

CAUSES: Lincoln does NOT believe govt. can abolish slavery

HOWEVER, Union army can seize “contraband”to hurt South’s war effort

Emancipates only those slaves in states still in rebellion, NOT IN THE BORDER STATES!!! Why??

Did the Emancipation Proclamation “ennoble” the cause of the North? Lincoln?

African Americans, Women and Nursing

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• Growing Black Enlistment• Many more African Americans enlisted after the E.

Proclamation• Low Status of Black Soldiers

• Menial jobs, lower pay, increased danger if caught

• Women’s roles• Women began to serve as Nurses• Pushed for suffrage and abolition African-American Troops

(Library of Congress)

Mobilization of the South

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Confederate Government– Similar Constitution

– What did they primarily focus on?

Jefferson Davis Not very efficient, poor

leader

Jefferson Davis (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

Why did the “States’ Rights” Argument make it difficult in terms of fighting the war?

Money and Manpower

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Disastrous Inflation States did not want to tax their citizens Printed Paper money

9,000% inflation!

Conscription Act

Critical Manpower Shortage Out of desperation the Confederacy even

drafted 300,000 slaves, but lost the war before they could be used.

Economic and Social Effects of the War


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Southern Economic Woes Blockade cut off trade partners Lost non-slave male workers Industry declined War ravaged the land

New Roles for Women Many women were widowed, looked for

work

Strategy and Diplomacy

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The Commanders– Lincoln’s strengths. What were they?

– U. S. Grant– Shared Lincoln’s strategic

perspective

– Davis’s Ineffective Command– No central command– Wouldn’t share responsibilities

– Robert E. Lee– Regarded as one of the best

generals in American military history

– Lincoln went through many generals, most notably George McClellan before finally landing on Ulysses S. Grant

Role of Sea Power

39

Union Naval Superiority– Advantages:

– 1. enforce a blockade– 2. assist Union armies in

field operations

– Anaconda Plan

– Monitor v. Merrimac– Ironclads– Preserves the Union

blockade

USS Monitor (Library of Congress)

ANACONDA PLAN

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Europe and the Disunited States

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Tactics of Each– 1.Who did France and England

initially support?– 2.What changed their minds?– 3.Why was the Confederacy not as

powerful as they thought they would be?

– Tension with Britain– Britain and France remained

neutral The Trent Affair

What happened? How else did the British help

the Union?

Technology of War


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Staggering Casualties 618,000 dead

Deadlier Weaponry How did war begin to

change because of this? Artillery, repeating rifles, etc.

Military Importance of Railroads

Why were they so important?

Dead Union Soldiers at Antietam, 1862 (Library of Congress)

The Opening Clashes

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First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell and the Union shocked by Beauregard and the Confederates

Lincoln disappointed

West VirginiaEstablished

McClellan impressesThe battlefield at Bull Run, 1861 (Library of Congress)

The Western Theater, 1862

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• New Orleans Seized - April 25, 1862• Why is this so important?

• Union then seizes Fort Donelson and Fort Henry (Feb. 1862)

• Shiloh• Another victory for Grant• Union makes huge progress in West,

but East is the heart of the war

Ulysses S. Grant (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

Chapter Fourteen: The Civil War


46The War in the West, 1861-1863

The Virginia Front, 1862

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McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign– Tried to take Richmond

Union forces lost at: Seven Days Battle (South of Richmond)

Second Battle of Bull Run

Robert E. Lee heads North McClellan has an advantage…why? TOO CAUTIOUS!!

Antietam “Victory” for the Union Why was Lincoln so angry with

McClellan? Burnside ineffective, resigns

George McClellan (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

Antietam


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1863: Year of Decision


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General Hooker takes over Union army– 1863: Year of Decision

Chancellorsville Another Confederate victory Stonewall Jackson dies

Vicksburg Huge victory for Union in the West Allows them to control the Mississippi

Map: The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg

The War in the West, 1863: VicksburgGrant first moved his army west of Vicksburg to a point on the Mississippi south of the town. Then he marched northeast, taking Jackson, and finally west to Vicksburg. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.


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Gettysburg and Chattanooga Lee plans to invade the North

Why? Hooker fired, George Meade in charge of

Union forces July 1-3 1863 Pickett’s Charge Huge defeat for the Confederate army

Chattanooga Union victory Drove Confederacy out of the Tennessee River


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Gettysburg, Day #1 July 1, 1863 Union Calvary, John Buford Confederate foot soldiers, A.P. Hill Both sides attack, and call for

reinforcements, setting up for a large battle between the two armies.

**Why were the troops in Gettysburg in the first place?

Buford saw how good the land was. All roads converge

Confederates had man advantage, Union positional advantage

**Lee saw the importance of the high ground, couldn’t gain it on the 1st day

General Meade

Map: The Battle of Gettysburg

The Battle of GettysburgIn the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gettysburg, Day #2

July 2, 1863 Reinforcements have arrived

Union (90,000) Confederate (75,000)

Union held the high ground “Fish hook”

Longstreet is ordered to attack Cemetery Ridge Misgivings

4:00 pm attack across Wheat field and Peach orchard Union send reinforcements

to the center Little Round Top

Confederate move to flank the Union

Culp’s Hill Confederates ran out of

sunlight

Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den

This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg battlefield. (Library of Congress)

Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gettysburg, Day #3 July 3, 1863 Lee was optimistic going into day 3

Weakened the Union position Artillery assault on middle of the

line Cemetery Ridge 2 hours

Lee ordered assault on the middle of the line Pickett’s Charge Open field

Union guns had remained silent

Poor decision? Confederates prepared for a

counterattack Meade never ordered!

Pickett’s Charge 12,000 men marching over

1,000 yds! Union forces from Cemetery

Hill and Little Round Top immediately opened fire

Confederate troops realized no backup was coming and were stuck at the “angle”.

Many began to retreat back to Seminary Ridge

Pickett lost nearly 3,000 men.

When Pickett returned to Lee, he was ordered to prepare against a possible Union counterattack. Pickett then replied,

“General Lee, I have no division now.”

Pickett’s Charge

Minie Ball and Rifling

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863

(Library of Congress)

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863


Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew BradyAt the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress)

Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady


Gettysburg AddressNovember 1863

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time, becomes part of national identity.

Lincoln speaks for two minutes The United States “is” instead of “are”

Follows popular speaker Edward Everett, who speaks for two hours.

Both men speak at a dedication of a cemetery for the war dead.

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg

Grant’s “Total War” Strategy

March 1864, Lincoln replaces Meade with Grant

Grant grinds down Lee’s army with his 100,000 men

“Blood and guts” battles at Wilderness (50,000 killed) and Cold Harbor (7,000 in 7 minutes)

Grant’s strategy = WAR OF ATTRITION!!! Called a “butcher.” From May 4 to June 18 he loses 65,000 to Lee’s

35,000. Why was Lee seen as an effective General?

Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia

Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress)

Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia


Map: The War in Virginia, 1864-1865


Sherman’s March to the Sea

Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander in Mississippi. Sherman begins “total war” on South

Targets homes, railways, crops, towns Burns everything in his path, burns Atlanta Sept. 1864 After destroying GA, went into SC

GOAL: destroy supplies destined for Northern front.Weaken Southern morale and resolve to fight.

WAS IT A SUCCESS? It did increase desertions and shorten war. Yet, many atrocities occurred and civilians suffered most.

Map: Sherman's March to the Sea


Appomattox Court House April 9, 1865

Lee embarrassed

Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia

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QUIZ 358-363 1. ______ was the Union general in charge of the

Peninsular campaign

2. _________ was the only battle fought in MD.

3. __________ was a battle won by Grant that gave the Union control of the Mississippi

4. The battle of ____________ was fought in Penn.

5. T/F Joseph Hooker was a commanding general for the Union, not the Confederacy in the North.

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QUIZ 1. ________ was the General for the Union that

was most effective 2. _______ was the General for the

Confederacy. 3. ___________ was the Secretary of State for

the Union. 4. The first major battle of the Civil War was

____________. 5. This port city was seized in 1862 that

crippled Southern strategy.


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Documents

Chapter 14: The Civil War The Secession Crisis. Withdrawal of the South 2 7 states had withdrawn by the time Lincoln took office Confederacy Established