Chapter 14: The Latin West 1200-1500 Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

Chapter 14: Chapter 14: The Latin WestThe Latin West

1200-15001200-1500

Europe from Europe from the Middle the Middle Ages to the Ages to the RenaissanceRenaissance

Rural Life & New Farming Rural Life & New Farming TechnologiesTechnologies

► 1200 AD most were 1200 AD most were peasants bound to peasants bound to the land the land

► Population doubled Population doubled agricultural agricultural

techniques techniques climate changeclimate change

►windmillswindmills►waterwheelswaterwheels► deforestationdeforestation

Famines and Black DeathFamines and Black Death

► Around 1250 crop Around 1250 crop yields decreased-yields decreased-possibly because of possibly because of population pressurepopulation pressure

► decrease in human decrease in human resistance to disease resistance to disease by 1348by 1348

► Bubonic Plague-Black Bubonic Plague-Black Death-overwhelmed Death-overwhelmed Europe in 1348Europe in 1348

► social , political, social , political, economic, etc. impacteconomic, etc. impact

Impact of the Plague on Europe?Impact of the Plague on Europe?

► Europeans Europeans had little had little resistance resistance End of the End of the Middle Middle Ages Ages

► Ravaged Ravaged Europe for Europe for two years two years and and returned returned periodically periodically devastatindevastating the g the populationpopulation

Impact of the PlagueImpact of the Plague

Fewer workers Fewer workers so labor more so labor more valuablevaluable

Peasants Peasants demanded demanded higher wageshigher wages

Oversupply of Oversupply of goods: became goods: became less expensiveless expensive

Serfdom ended Serfdom ended as demand for as demand for labor roselabor rose

Impact of the PlagueImpact of the Plague

Living standards Living standards improved improved

less time to less time to learn a craftlearn a craft

Nobles died Nobles died ► less less

opposition to opposition to kingking

Religion and Religion and learning flourish learning flourish

Technology Technology advancedadvanced►miningmining►metallurgy metallurgy ►Water millsWater mills

Impact of Black Death: Social RebellionImpact of Black Death: Social Rebellion

► rebellions rebellions against wealthy against wealthy nobles and nobles and churchmen who churchmen who tried to freeze tried to freeze wageswages

► Large gap Large gap between rich between rich and poorand poor

► Population Population declined but per declined but per capita capita production rose production rose

Growth of TradeGrowth of Trade

► Great Urban revival, Great Urban revival, fueled by the end of fueled by the end of the Crusades & the Crusades & workers leaving workers leaving manorsmanors

► Italian cities in Italian cities in north become rich north become rich & powerful through & powerful through trade; Genoa, trade; Genoa, Venice, MilanVenice, Milan

► Hanseatic Hanseatic League-League- group of group of cities in Northern cities in Northern Europe united for Europe united for trade influence and trade influence and pricesprices

Urban RevivalUrban Revival

► Flanders Flanders commercial commercial

center for center for wool imports wool imports & cloth & cloth manufacturingmanufacturing

► England, England, Florence, and Florence, and Italy Italy textiles textiles

► Trade fairs Trade fairs evolve into citiesevolve into cities

► Trade increased Trade increased under Mongol under Mongol expansionexpansion


► Venice dominates tradeVenice dominates trade► Some European cities were Some European cities were

city-states and were city-states and were independent from nobles independent from nobles and kingsand kings

► traded more freely than traded more freely than Asian or Middle Eastern Asian or Middle Eastern citiescities

► Bringing cities under the Bringing cities under the control of King sometimes control of King sometimes required force-(Paris)required force-(Paris)

► GuildsGuilds- craft specialists who - craft specialists who regulated craft rules and regulated craft rules and prices to protect their prices to protect their interestsinterests


Rise of Merchant & Banking ClassRise of Merchant & Banking Class

► big business big business required loans, required loans, money money changing, & changing, & investmentsinvestments

► Florence Florence banking banking

servicesservices checking checking

accountsaccounts ShareholdingShareholding bookkeepingbookkeeping

European RenaissanceEuropean Renaissance

► Large banking families Large banking families appearappear

► Medici family of Florence Medici family of Florence operated banks in Italy, operated banks in Italy, Flanders, LondonFlanders, London

► handled affairs for handled affairs for nobles, kings, the Churchnobles, kings, the Church

► Church prohibited usury Church prohibited usury ► UsuryUsury

loaning money at high loaning money at high interest ratesinterest rates

European JewsEuropean Jews

► Jews able to escape Jews able to escape poverty by becoming poverty by becoming moneylendersmoneylenders

► Christians worked Christians worked around the rules to around the rules to make money directlymake money directly

► Europe’s largest Europe’s largest population of Jews lived population of Jews lived in Spain Persecution in Spain Persecution existed in most of existed in most of Europe except in the Europe except in the papal city of Rome papal city of Rome


►Wealthy Wealthy families families were able were able to fund art to fund art & & architecturarchitecturee

UniversitiesUniversities► Prior to 1200, Prior to 1200,

monasteries were monasteries were primary centers or primary centers or learninglearning

► After 1200, After 1200, colleges and colleges and universities were universities were created and created and supported by the supported by the ChurchChurch

► taught medicine, taught medicine, law, theologylaw, theology

► Theology-the study Theology-the study of the nature of of the nature of God and religious God and religious truthtruth

ScholasticismScholasticism

► Theology was the Theology was the primary subject and it primary subject and it brought together Greek brought together Greek philosophy, notably philosophy, notably Aristotle, and Christian Aristotle, and Christian faithfaith

► mixing of these was mixing of these was called Scholasticismcalled Scholasticism

► Most notable written Most notable written work was the work was the Summa Summa Theologica, Theologica, by by Thomas Aquinas, a Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican priestDominican priest

Kings Consolidate PowerKings Consolidate Power

► Kings sought to Kings sought to become stronger become stronger and centralize powerand centralize power

► Kings were weak Kings were weak Little or no treasury Little or no treasury

fundsfunds Powerful noblesPowerful nobles Independent towns Independent towns

and citiesand cities Powerful ChurchPowerful Church

EnglandEngland► 1215 AD, King John I 1215 AD, King John I

of England is forced of England is forced to sign the Magna to sign the Magna CartaCarta Trial by jury of Trial by jury of

peerspeers nobles could nobles could

petition the kingpetition the king became became

ParliamentParliament No taxation No taxation

without consent without consent of noblesof nobles

exception to the exception to the pattern of strong pattern of strong monarchsmonarchs

FranceFrance

► In France, Philip the Fair In France, Philip the Fair arrests the Pope and arrests the Pope and installs his own pope at installs his own pope at AvignonAvignon

► In general, Kings sought In general, Kings sought to increase power by:to increase power by: Marrying into noble Marrying into noble

familiesfamilies Taxing peasantsTaxing peasants Appointing their own Appointing their own

bishops and clergy (lay bishops and clergy (lay investiture)investiture)


► Kings fought each other Kings fought each other to gain more power to gain more power through land:through land:

► France and England France and England fought each other-fought each other-Hundred Years War Hundred Years War 1337-14531337-1453

► Although England lost, Although England lost, both monarchies both monarchies emerged strongeremerged stronger

► Joan of Arc helped FranceJoan of Arc helped France► New weapons-longbowNew weapons-longbow

New Monarchies in France & New Monarchies in France & EnglandEngland

Stronger central Stronger central governmentsgovernments

National National boundariesboundaries

New tax system New tax system Strong Strong

connections to connections to middle class and middle class and merchant class merchant class instead of nobles instead of nobles and churchand church


► Strong governments on Strong governments on the Iberian Peninsula the Iberian Peninsula too:too:

► Spain and Portugal Spain and Portugal emerge as nations after emerge as nations after forcing the Muslims out forcing the Muslims out of Iberia after 700 years of Iberia after 700 years

► The ReconquistaThe Reconquista► In 1492, Spain and In 1492, Spain and

Portugal also expelled Portugal also expelled all Jews who would not all Jews who would not convert to Christianityconvert to Christianity


►By the 1300’s a new emphasis on learning By the 1300’s a new emphasis on learning began that expanded upon the learning of began that expanded upon the learning of universities and scholasticismuniversities and scholasticism

►A new emphasis on understanding humans A new emphasis on understanding humans as well as God became the idea of as well as God became the idea of “Humanism”“Humanism”

►Humanism is the study of man and his Humanism is the study of man and his world. Today it is known as humanities, world. Today it is known as humanities, such as sociology, psychology, such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, literature (the classics), anthropology, literature (the classics), religion.religion.


►Early Humanist writers referred to Early Humanist writers referred to works long kept secured by works long kept secured by monasteries during the Dark Agesmonasteries during the Dark Ages

►Dante Alighieri-Italy-1265-1321-wrote Dante Alighieri-Italy-1265-1321-wrote the Divine Comedy: journey through 9 the Divine Comedy: journey through 9 layers of Hell and the entrance to layers of Hell and the entrance to Paradise using Greco-Roman classical Paradise using Greco-Roman classical themes, imagery.themes, imagery.

►Made accessible through his use of the Made accessible through his use of the vernacular form of Tuscany vernacular form of Tuscany


►Geoffrey Chaucer-England-1340-1400: Geoffrey Chaucer-England-1340-1400: Wrote the Canterbury Tales: everyday life Wrote the Canterbury Tales: everyday life in medieval England, in vernacular.in medieval England, in vernacular.

►Other Humanists writers:Other Humanists writers:►Machiavelli: wrote The Prince; a political Machiavelli: wrote The Prince; a political

handbook for political leaders. Premise: handbook for political leaders. Premise: the ends justifies the meansthe ends justifies the means

►Thomas More: Utopia; perfect society of Thomas More: Utopia; perfect society of the futurethe future

►Erasmus: Dutch writer of religious Erasmus: Dutch writer of religious reform: wrote In Praise of Follyreform: wrote In Praise of Folly


►Petrarch: Italian poet of love poetryPetrarch: Italian poet of love poetry►Castiglione: wrote The Courtier; how to Castiglione: wrote The Courtier; how to

succeed at the royal courtsucceed at the royal court►Boccaccio: wrote The Decameron; collection Boccaccio: wrote The Decameron; collection

of short stories about Italian nobles. of short stories about Italian nobles. Produced a version of the New Testament in Produced a version of the New Testament in GreekGreek

►Humanists sought a return to original Greek Humanists sought a return to original Greek and Roman texts. Pope Nicholas creates the and Roman texts. Pope Nicholas creates the Vatican library by buying authentic Greek Vatican library by buying authentic Greek and Roman translations of classic texts.and Roman translations of classic texts.

►Emphasis on authenticityEmphasis on authenticity


►William Shakespeare: English William Shakespeare: English playwrightplaywright

►Christopher Marlowe: English Christopher Marlowe: English playwrightplaywright


►Humanism helps create a new era after Humanism helps create a new era after Middle Ages called the RenaissanceMiddle Ages called the Renaissance

►Renaissance = Rebirth of learning & Renaissance = Rebirth of learning & cultureculture

►Return to classical roots and sources of Return to classical roots and sources of literature and artliterature and art

►Universities developed in Bologne and Universities developed in Bologne and Paris which incorporated the works of Paris which incorporated the works of Aristotle which were saved by MuslimsAristotle which were saved by Muslims

►Monarchs, church and merchants all Monarchs, church and merchants all wanted this rebirth of learningwanted this rebirth of learning


►Why did Europe grow in power & Why did Europe grow in power & wealth?wealth?

►EducationEducation


►BotticelliBotticelli►Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo Buonarroti►Leonardo Da VinciLeonardo Da Vinci►RaphaelRaphael►TitianTitian►GiottoGiotto► Jan Van EyckJan Van Eyck


►Favorite themes of artists and patrons Favorite themes of artists and patrons during the Renaissance were religious during the Renaissance were religious

►Combined with authenticity of Combined with authenticity of Humanism, religious subjects were Humanism, religious subjects were presented in a more realistic style.presented in a more realistic style.


European European RenaissanceRenaissance


►All presented a sense of realism and All presented a sense of realism and naturalism to create what modern naturalism to create what modern society would call “photographic perfect”society would call “photographic perfect”

► Ideas were transmitted quickly Ideas were transmitted quickly throughout Europe by means of the throughout Europe by means of the printing press of Johan Gutenberg-it used printing press of Johan Gutenberg-it used moveable typemoveable type

►Craft guilds in various cities competed in Craft guilds in various cities competed in quality and innovation created quality and innovation created competitions though they discouraged competitions though they discouraged


►The Renaissance had an economic base The Renaissance had an economic base as cities expanded and developed as cities expanded and developed architectural pridearchitectural pride

►Craft guilds in various cities competed Craft guilds in various cities competed in quality and innovation but stifled in quality and innovation but stifled competition within their own citiescompetition within their own cities

►Rural areas offered different Rural areas offered different opportunities but could not compete opportunities but could not compete with the economic and social with the economic and social attractions of the cityattractions of the city

Documents

Chapter 14: The Latin West 1200-1500 Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance