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Chapter 14:Wireless WANs
Business Data Communications, 5e
Business Data Communications, 5e
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Reasons for Wireless Networks
• Mobile communication is needed.• Communication must take place in a terrain that
makes wired communication difficult or impossible.
• A communication system must be deployed quickly.
• Communication facilities must be installed at low initial cost.
• The same information must be broadcast to many locations.
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Problems with Wireless Networks
• Operates in a less controlled environment, so is more susceptible to interference, signal loss, noise, and eavesdropping.
• Generally, wireless facilities have lower data rates than guided facilities.
• Frequencies can be more easily reused with guided media than with wireless media.
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Cellular Wireless Networks
• One of the most revolutionary developments in telecommunications
• Supports users in locations that are not easily served by wired networks
• Used for mobile telephones, personal communications systems, wireless Internet and wireless Web applications, and more
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Cellular Network Organization
• Uses multiple low-power transmitters (≤100W)• Areas divided into cells, each one served by its
own antenna. • Each cell allocated a band of frequencies, and is
served by a base station• Adjacent cells are assigned different frequencies
to avoid interference or crosstalk• Cells sufficiently distant from each other can use
the same frequency band
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Cellular Geometries
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Frequency Reuse Patterns
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Increasing Capacity
• Adding new channels• Frequency borrowing: Frequencies are taken from
adjacent cells by congested cells• Cell splitting: Cells in areas of high usage can be split
into smaller cells. • Cell sectoring: Cell divided into wedge-shaped sectors.
Each sector is assigned a separate subset of the cell's channels, and directional antennas at the base station are used to focus on each sector.
• Microcells: Useful in city streets in congested areas, along highways, and inside large public buildings
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Cellular System Overview
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Mobile to Base Channels
• Control channels are used to exchange information having to do with setting up and maintaining calls and with establishing a relationship between a mobile unit and the nearest BS
• Traffic channels carry a voice or data connection between users
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Steps in a Mobile Call
• Monitor for strongest signal
• Request for connection
• Paging
• Call accepted
• Ongoing call
• Handoff
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Mobile Telephony
• First Generation– analog voice communication using frequency modulation.
• Second Generation– digital techniques and time-division multiple access
(TDMA) or code-division multiple access (CDMA)
• Third Generation– evolving from second-generation wireless systems– will integrate services into one set of standards.
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Multiple Access
• Four ways to divide the spectrum among active users– frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)
– time-division multiple access (TDMA)
– code-division multiple access (CDMA)
– space-division multiple access (SDMA)
• FDMA and TDMA discussed in Chapter 17• CDMA and SDMA discussed here
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CDMA
• Based on direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
• Provides immunity from various kinds of noise and multipath distortion. (The earliest applications of spread spectrum were military, where it was used for its immunity to jamming.)
• Can be used for hiding and encrypting signals. • Several users can independently use the same
(higher) bandwidth with very little interference
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Cellular Multiple Access Schemes
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Third Generation Systems
• Intended to provide provide high speed wireless communications for multimedia, data, and video
• Reflects trend toward universal personal telecommunications and communications access
• Personal communications services (PCSs) and personal communication networks (PCNs) are objectives for 3G wireless.
• Planned technology is digital using TDMA or CDMA to provide efficient spectrum use and high capacity
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Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
• Programming model based on the WWW Programming Model
• Wireless Markup Language, adhering to XML• Specification of a small browser suitable for a
mobile, wireless terminal• A lightweight communications protocol stack• A framework for wireless telephony applications
(WTAs)
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WAP Programming Model
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Wireless Markup Language
• Does not assume a standard keyboard or a mouse; designed to work with telephone keypads, styluses, and other input devices common to mobile, wireless communication
• Documents are subdivided into small, well-defined units of user interaction called cards; users navigate by moving back and forth between cards.
• Uses a small set of markup tags appropriate to telephony-based systems
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Microbrowser
• Based on a user interface model appropriate for mobile, wireless devices.
• Traditional 12-key phone keypad is used to enter alphanumeric characters
• Users navigate among the WML cards using up and down scroll keys rather than a mouse.
• Navigation features familiar from the Web (e.g., Back, Home, and Bookmark) are provided as well.
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Wireless Telephony Applications:A Sample Configuration
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Satellite Communications
• Two or more stations on or near the earth communicate via one or more satellites that serve as relay stations in space
• The antenna systems on or near the earth are referred to as earth stations
• Transmission from an earth station to the satellite is an uplink, from the satellite to the earth station is downlink
• The transponder in the satellite takes an uplink signal and converts it to a downlink signal
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Geostationary Satellites
• Circular orbit 35,838 km above the earth’s surface
• Rotates in the equatorial plane of the earth at exactly the same angular speed as the earth
• Remains above the same spot on the equator as the earth rotates
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Advantages of Geostationary Orbits
• Satellite is stationary relative to the earth, so no frequency changes due to the relative motion of the satellite and antennas on earth (Doppler effect).
• Tracking of the satellite by its earth stations is simplified.
• One satellite can communicate with roughly a fourth of the earth; three satellites separated by 120° cover most of the inhabited portions of the entire earth excluding only the areas near the north and south poles
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Problems withGeostationary Orbits
• Signal can weaken after traveling that distance
• Polar regions and the far northern and southern hemispheres are poorly served
• Even at speed of light, the delay in sending a signal 35,838 km each way to the satellite and back is substantial
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LEO and MEO Orbits
• Alternatives to geostationary orbits
• LEO: Low earth orbiting• MEO: Medium earth orbiting
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Satellite Orbits
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LEO Characteristics
• Circular or slightly elliptical orbit < 2000 km• Orbit period is in the range of 1.5 to 2 hours• Diameter of coverage is about 8000 km• Round-trip signal propagation delay is < 20 ms• Maximum time that the satellite is visible from a fixed
point on earth (above the radio horizon) is up to 20 minutes
• System must be able to cope with large Doppler shifts, which change the frequency of the signal
• Significant atmospheric drag on a LEO satellite results in gradual orbital deterioration.
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LEO Advantages
• Reduced propagation delay • Received LEO signal is much stronger than that
of GEO signals for the same transmission power• LEO coverage can be better localized so that
spectrum can be better conserved. • On the other hand, to provide broad coverage
over 24 hours, many satellites are needed.
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Types of LEOs
• Little LEOs: Intended to work at communication frequencies below1 GHz using no more than 5 MHz of bandwidth and supporting data rates up to 10 kbps
• Big LEOs: Work at frequencies above 1 GHz and supporting data rates up to a few megabits per second
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MEO Characteristics
• Circular orbit at an altitude of 5000 to 12,000 km• Orbit period is about 6 hours• Diameter of coverage is 10,000 to 15,000 km• Round trip signal propagation delay < 50 ms• Maximum time that the satellite is visible from a
fixed point on earth (above the radio horizon) is a few hours
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Satellite Network Configurations
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Satellite Network Applications
• Television distribution
• Long-distance telephone transmission
• Private business networks