Chapter 15:

Biotechnology

and

Genetic Engineering

Aim: How have humans modified their world for centuries?

• Selective Breeding – a process used to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.

»Hybridization – crossing dissimilar organisms to result in offspring with traits of both. Ex: creation of different vegetable and flower varieties»Inbreeding – Breeding organisms with desired characteristics to keep traits. Ex: Maintaining dog breeds

Hybridization results in hybrid vigor

+ =

Horse donkey mule (very hearty)

www.sooreams.com/ animalia/ mulewww.diveatlas.com/ photogallery/PhotoGalleryBo. Donkeyhorse www.medicalprogress.org/.../ horses.cfm

Inbreeding….

www.rottentomatoes.com/ vine/showpost.php?p=51... www.rainbowtoypoodles.com/ news.bbc.co.uk/.../ newsid_2985000/2985854.stm

maltese

Great Dane

Aim: How have humans modified their world for centuries?

Increasing Genetic Variety

Mutations – the rate of mutations can be increased to increase genetic variations.Ex: bacteria with altered DNA that allows them to metabolize oil.

Polyploidy – extra chromosomes in plants gives new varieties.Ex: larger, stronger citrus fruits, lilies

What types of things are possible to do with today’s technology and biology?

www.forbes.com/2002/ 03/04/0304japan.html g

Fluorescent mice!

Transgenic (GM) Plants…..Herbicide-Resistant gene in canola plants

www.house.gov/science/ thomashow_100599.htm

Transgenic (GM) Plants…..

members.aol.com/.../ LectureNotes/lec24.html pcr 1

Transgenic (GM) Plants…..

Pest-resistant potatoes

Transgenic (GM) Plants…..

www.betterhumans.com/ News/news.aspx?articleID

Plants that can store large quantities of heavy metals (lead, arsenic, cadmium)

Transgenic Animals…..

www.forbes.com/2002/ 03/04/0304japan.html g

Transgenic Animals…..

www.bbc.co.uk/.../ glowing_gallery2.shtml

http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01611/graphics/concerns-livestock/salmon.png

Genetically Engineered Salmon (food)

Transgenic Animals….. Mosquito with a gene that won’t allow diseases to be transmitted

www.sciencenews.org/ articles/20040814/bob8.asp

Cloning….Dolly was the first cloned mammal in 1997.

Monkey Clone

•Successful Clone of a Rhesus Monkey

•Clone by Embryo-Splitting (unlike dolly)

•Implications?

Cloning….

Micromanipulation tools are used to remove and transplant a cell’s nucleus.

Insulin for diabetic patients

•Diabetes – what is it?

•Treatment?

•Where does insulin come from?

•GE Insulin (bacterial)

•$$$

Genetic engineering is a process where humans modify an organism’s DNA for a purpose. The newly modified organisms are called transgenic orgenetically modified (GM) organisms.

genetic engineering animation you tube

How is insulin now made for diabetic patients?

Human Cell

Gene for human growth hormone

Recombinant DNA

Gene for human growth hormone

Sticky ends

DNA recombination

DNA insertion

Bacterial Cell

Plasmid

Bacterial chromosome

Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone

Making a transgenic bacteria: See page ___ of your text book to study this.

Restriction enzymes are used in geneticEngineering. They are used to cut DNA.(see handout now for how these enzymes work.)

Genetically modified bacteria can be Used in medicine to produce:

1. Insulin for diabetic patients

2.Human Growth Hormone

3. Interferon- a protein that treats viral infections.

What are some other uses of transgenicorganisms?

1.Transgenic animals. (from our reading

and movie in class) Movie link to GM organisms

Examples:

2. Transgenic plants.Examples: (from our reading and poster activity.)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)1. DNA is heated to denature it.

2. DNA polymerase adds bases to primer

3. 2 new strands are made

4. DNA is heated and process continues to make multiple copies of the DNA.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) isA process used to make multiple copiesOf a small piece of DNA.

This is helpful for - crime scene Investigation - looking at fossilized DNA - studying genes.

electrophoresis animation

Gel electrophoresis is technique that uses electricity to separate cut up fragments of DNA by size.

Uses: - identifying disease alleles - comparison of DNA for a DNA fingerprint from different people. (criminal cases, paternity testing.)

Watch Planted Evidence (Forensic Files)

Gene Therapy: A process where apatient’s disease gene can be replaced by a normal copy of the gene.

Human Genome Project – a group effort by scientists to determine the Sequences of all 46 human chromosomes. This was completedAhead of schedule!

All kinds of movies!!!

http://www.teachersdomain.org/sci/life/gen/engineering/

index.html

http://www.abpischools.org.uk/resources/poster-series/

geneng/geanim.asp

Link doesn’t work

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEINuCL-5wc

Animation of how restriction enzymes work link no longer works http://www.dnai.org/text/mediashowcase/index2.html?id=549

http://www.dnai.org/text/mediashowcase/index2.html?

id=549

Producing a transgenic bacteria