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NOTES: RUSSIA’S HISTORY &
GOVERNMENT
LG: How has
Russia’s history
and government
shaped who they
are today?
1. THE RISE OF RUSSIAA. Slavs settled near the Moskva River and founded
the city of Moscow
B. Moscow was the center of the territory known as
Muscovy
C. Muscovy was ruled by princes who kept peace with
neighboring Mongols (an enemy) for about 200 years
D. Prince Ivan III (Ivan the Great) started expanding the
kingdom and began what is known as Russia.
E. After Ivan III’s death his grandson Ivan IV took over in
1547. He was the first absolute, supreme ruler known as
the Czar (like King).
F. He expanded Russia and crushed all opposition. He
was known for being a cruel ruler. He gained the
nickname Ivan the Terrible.
G. He started the Romanov Dynasty (family)
2. THE ROMANOV CZARS
A. In the late 1600s, Czar Peter the Great realized
his country was outdated compared to Europe.
B. Peter modernized Russia, enlarged Russia’s
territory, built a stronger military and began
trading with Europe
C. Peter also created a new Capital city- St. Petersburg.
This gave them year-round port access to the Baltic Sea.
The rest of Russia’s ports were frozen half of the year.
D. Later Romanov’s expanded the empire
E. During the reign of Alexander II, they also poorly
treated the serfs (lowest class people who did the
hard labor). Many were starving and had no money.
3. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
A. Czar Nicholas II had a lot of problems in
Russia going on during his rule (early 1900s).
i. The Serfs were struggling to survive and moving
to cities to work horrible jobs that paid almost
nothing
ii. Non-Russians were being discriminated against
iii. World War I created more starving people
B. The divide between rich and poor was growing and
people didn’t like that.
C. Karl Marx (a philosopher) had a popular idea that the
public should own everything and everyone should be
equal in everything. This was basically the start of
Communism.
D. With all the struggles going on in Russia, this
lead to a revolution
E. People removed the Czar (Nicholas II) from
power and had him and his family killed.
(Story/movie of Anastasia comes from this)
F. This revolution brought communism to Russia
4. THE SOVIET ERA
A. After the Czar was removed in 1917, the
government was taken over by Vladimir Lenin.
B. Lenin was a Bolshevik- a group that liked Karl
Marx’s communist ideas and embraced it.
C. Lenin and his followers took complete
control over businesses.
i. Industries/factories, food distribution
D. Many people didn’t like the changes Lenin brought to
Russia
E. This started a civil war between the Bolshevik Red
Army and the anti-Bolshevik White Army
F. The Red Army won and communism was
established under the new government called:
“Union of Soviet Socialist Republics”
i. Also Known as: U.S.S.R or the Soviet Union.
G. After Lenin died in 1924, Joseph Stalin become the
leader in the USSR.
H. Stalin was a cruel leader: Millions of people died from
starvation or from him killing them.
I. Stalin lead the USSR through World War II
5. SUPER POWER
A. After WWII, Russia gained Super Power
status like the United States.
B. Hostilities between the US and the Soviets
grew after the war split Europe into
Communist Vs. Capitalists. This sparked
“The Cold War”
C. The Cold War- a 4 decades long hostility between the
USSR and U.S. There was political and military tension
and the fear that nuclear war could break out at any time
***(DON’T WRITE-Think back to our Cuba article and
the possible nuclear war there in the Cuban Missile
Crisis)
6. FALL OF THE SOVIETS
A. Starting in 1989-1991 the USSR started falling
apart. The economy was weak and people were
increasingly unhappy.
i. Government workers had “the good life” and average
people were living in poverty(this goes against the
communist principles).
B. Many of the countries who were controlled by the
USSR started declaring independence.
C. By the end of 1991 the Soviet Union had fallen
apart.
7. A NEW RUSSIA
A. The USSR emerged as a Russian republic.
People could vote for their leaders now.
B. The Russians become more capitalistic and left
communism.
C. The economy finally started to recover and
Russia become what it is today.