1.Match the following five endocrine glands with their secretions.

OptionYour Answer

1.1adenohypophysis D. TSH

1.2neurohypophysis C. ADH

1.3thyroid gland A. calcitonin

1.4adrenal gland B. aldosterone

1.5pineal gland E. melatonin

2.Match the following five hormones with their functions.

OptionYour Answer

2.1FSH C. stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries

2.2GH A. mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth

2.3ACTH B. stimulates the adrenal cortex

2.4TSH E. stimulates T3 and T4 production

2.5ADH D. stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine

3.Match each of the following hormones with the condition that would be balanced by that hormone.

OptionYour Answer

3.1insulin D. high levels of blood sugar

3.2ADH B. dehydration and low blood pressure

3.3aldosterone A. loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids

3.4thyroxine E. decrease in body metabolism

3.5parathyroid hormone C. decrease in blood Ca2+ levels

4.Match the following hormones with their functions.

OptionYour Answer

4.1thyroid-stimulating hormone C. stimulates the production of thyroxine

4.2growth hormone E. causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size

4.3oxytocin A. increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle

4.4adrenocorticotropic hormone B. causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones

4.5follicle-stimulating hormone D. affects functions of the ovaries and testes

5.Match the following hormones with the site of their release and their function.

OptionYour Answer

5.1TSH C. released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine

5.2FSH E. released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes

5.3LH B. released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes

5.4oxytocin D. released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions

5.5ADH A. released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to reabsorb/conserve water

6.Match the following hormones with their functions.

OptionYour Answer

6.1prolactin E. stimulates milk production

6.2oxytocin C. stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands

6.3thyroxine B. increases metabolic rate

6.4calcitonin A. may inhibit osteoclast activity

6.5parathyroid hormone D. raises blood Ca2+ levels

7.Match the following hormones with the gland (or organ) that produces them.

OptionYour Answer

7.1calcitonin B. thyroid gland

7.2parathyroid hormone E. parathyroid glands

7.3adrenocorticotropic hormones D. pituitary gland

7.4glucocorticoids A. adrenal cortex

7.5epinephrine C. adrenal medulla

8.Match the structures with the hormones they produce.

OptionYour Answer

8.1pineal gland A. melatonin

8.2testes C. testosterone

8.3thymus E. thymosin

8.4heart B. atrial natriuretic peptide

8.5placenta D. HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

9.Match the following hormones with their functions.

OptionYour Answer

9.1melatonin C. associated with drowsiness at night

9.2testosterone A. associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production

9.3thymosin E. essential for normal immune response

9.4atrial natriuretic peptide B. reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys

9.5HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) D. helps to sustain pregnancy

10.Match the following tissues with the hormones they produce.

OptionYour Answer

10.1adipose tissue D. leptin

10.2skin E. cholecalciferol

10.3kidney B. erythropoietin

10.4duodenum of small intestine A. cholecystokinin

10.5stomach C. gastrin

11.Match the following hormones with their functions.

OptionYour Answer

11.1leptin B. binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control

11.2cholecalciferol D. activated by the kidneys to vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells

11.3erythropoietin E. stimulates the production of red blood cells

11.4cholecystokinin C. stimulates the release of bile

11.5gastrin A. stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid

12.Match the following hormones with the organ that produces them.

OptionYour Answer

12.1glucagon A. pancreas

12.2TSH C. anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

12.3thyroxine E. thyroid gland

12.4renin D. kidneys

12.5ADH B. posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

13.Match each of the following hormones with its function.

OptionYour Answer

13.1glucagon A. increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver

13.2TSH D. stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine

13.3thyroxine E. increases the metabolic rate

13.4erythropoietin C. increases red blood cell production

13.5ADH B. increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules

14.Match the following hormones with the appropriate category of hormones.

OptionYour Answer

14.1FSH and LH D. gonadotropins

14.2cortisol B. glucocorticoids

14.3androgens C. gonadocorticoids

14.4aldosterone A. mineralocorticoids

15.Match the following hormones with their functions.

OptionYour Answer

15.1gonadotropins B. regulate functions of gonads in both sexes

15.2glucocorticoids C. increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids during stress

15.3androgens D. produce masculinizing effects when produced in large quantities

15.4mineralocorticoids A. regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels

16.Match the following gland with the hormone it produces (or releases).

OptionYour Answer

16.1posterior pituitary D. antidiuretic hormone

16.2anterior pituitary E. growth hormone

16.3pancreas C. insulin

16.4adrenal cortex A. aldosterone

16.5adrenal medulla B. epinephrine

17.Match each of the following hormones with its function.

OptionYour Answer

17.1antidiuretic hormone A. causes kidneys to conserve water

17.2growth hormone B. stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis

17.3insulin E. facilitates glucose transport into cells

17.4aldosterone C. increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys

17.5epinephrine D. increases cell reactions during sympathetic response

18.Given the homeostatic imbalance, indicate the hormone that would help to restore the balance.

OptionYour Answer

18.1lowered levels of Ca2+ in the blood B. parathyroid hormone

18.2too much Ca2+ in the blood E. calcitonin

18.3elevated levels of blood sugar A. insulin

18.4decreased levels of blood sugar (hypoglycemia) D. glucagon

18.5excessive loss of Na+ in extracellular fluids C. aldosterone

19.Indicate the appropriate gland that would produce the hormone needed to restore homeostasis for each of the following conditions.

OptionYour Answer

19.1the end of a nine month pregnancy D. posterior pituitary

19.2loss of Na+ from profuse sweating A. adrenal cortex

19.3high blood sugar due to eating too many sweets B. pancreas

19.4drop in blood levels of Ca2+ due to extreme inactivity C. parathyroid gland

19.5delayed or stunted growth E. anterior pituitary

20.Match each of the following homeostatic imbalances with the hormone deficiency (or overproduction).

OptionYour Answer

20.1gigantism E. overproduction of GH

20.2diabetes mellitus D. insulin deficiency

20.3sympathetic nervous system overactivity A. oversecretion of catecholamines

20.4Graves' disease B. hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

20.5diabetes insipidus C. hyposecretion of ADH

21.Match each of the following cell regions with the principal hormone produced.

OptionYour Answer

21.1zona reticularis C. androgens

21.2zona glomerulosa A. mineralocorticoids

21.3zona fasciculate B. glucocorticoids

21.4beta cells D. insulin

21.5alpha cells E. glucagon

22.Match each of the following control mechanisms with its description.

OptionYour Answer

22.1humoral C. monitoring blood levels of substances and correct them

22.2neural B. axons causing hormone release

22.3hormonal A. hormone release dependent upon other hormone levels

1.Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function?Your Answer:kidneys

Kidney cells produce the hormones renin and erythropoietin, but their primary function is excretion of body waste.

2.Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by __________.Your Answer:binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex

Steroid hormones enter the cell and form a DNA-hormone complex before they change cellular function.

3.Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of __________.Your Answer:epinephrine

The preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine.

4.The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include __________.Your Answer:glucose-containing hormones

The chemical classification of hormones is either amino acid-based hormones or steroids.

5.The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by __________.Your Answer:TH

Thyroid hormones control the consumption of oxygen by all body tissues by way of an increase in glucose metabolism.

6.The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of __________.Your Answer:humoral stimuli

The declining levels of calcium ions in the blood control secretion of PTH, which is a humoral stimulus.

7.The stimulus for producing insulin is __________.Your Answer:high blood glucose concentration

Excess glucose levels in the blood stimulate beta cells in the pancreas to secrete insulin.

8.The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of __________.Your Answer:steroid hormones

A steroid hormone complex controls the formation of new messenger RNA.

9.Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?Your Answer:iodine

The production of functional thyroid hormone requires iodine.

10.The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the __________.Your Answer:anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

It is by this portal system that releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by neurons in the ventral hypothalamus circulate to the adenohypophysis, where they regulate secretion of its hormones.

11.Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid?Your Answer:paracrine

Paracrine signals are local signals.

12.Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone?Your Answer:permissiveness

Permissiveness is when a hormone needs another to be fully effective.

13.Which of the following is NOT synthesized in the pituitary gland?Your Answer:ADH

Oxytocin and ADH are synthesized in the hypothalamus.

14.Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ?Your Answer:hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

15.Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they __________.Your Answer:they act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones

Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they act locally, rather than on distal organs as do true hormones.

16.How do protein kinases affect enzymes?Your Answer:They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme.

They cause phosphorylation of the enzyme that either activates or inhibits it.

17.The "hormone response element" is located on the cell __________.Your Answer:DNA

The "hormone response element" is located on the cell DNA and represents the site for a hormone to bind to.

18.The binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor would lead to the __________.Your Answer:transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event

The binding of a hormone to its receptor would lead to the transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event.

19.Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest __________.Your Answer:half-life

Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest half-life.

20.The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system.Your Answer:nervous

The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the nervous system.

21.Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________.Your Answer:ACTH

POMC is a prohormone for ACTH.

22.Excess growth hormone would cause all the following EXCEPT __________.Your Answer:suppression of cancer

Excess growth hormone is actually thought to promote cancer.

23.Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT __________.Your Answer:damage to the pineal gland

Hypersecretion of ADH cannot occur from damage of the pineal gland.

24.Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by __________.Your Answer:peroxidase enzymes

Peroxidase enzymes mediate iodination of thyroid hormones.

25.A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck is caused by __________.Your Answer:deficiency of thyroxin

A deficiency of thyroxin during fetal development would lead to a congenital condition known as cretinism, which includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck.

26.Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by __________.Your Answer:an increase in the parathyroid hormone

Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by a severe increase in the parathyroid hormone.

27.Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following tissues EXCEPT __________.Your Answer:the brain

Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of these tissues except the brain.

28.Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the __________.Your Answer:adipose tissue

Resistin is a hormone produced by the adipose tissue.

29.Which of the following hormones does the skin produce?Your Answer:cholecalciferol

The skin produces cholecalciferol.

30.Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas is considered paracrine because it acts on __________.Your Answer:cells other than those that secrete it

Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas acts locally on cells other than those that secrete it and is therefore referred to as a paracrine hormone.

1.Drinking alcoholic beverages decreases urine output because it causes increased activity by ADH.Your Answer:False

Alcohol intake inhibits the secretion of ADH. It is the absence of ADH that increases urine output.

2.FSH and LH cause the maturation of the follicle cells of the thyroid gland.Your Answer:False

These two hormones regulate the production of sperm and oocytes.

3.Sympathetic nerve stimulation causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla.Your Answer:True

Sympathetic neurons stimulate the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla.

4.The destruction of beta cells of the pancreas is an autoimmune condition characteristic of type 2 diabetes.Your Answer:False

An autoimmune response is said to be the cause for type 1 diabetes.

5.The hormones of the thymus gland are essential in the formation of cells of the immune system.Your Answer:True

T lymphocytes, the main cells of the immune system, mature in the thymus gland, where they are stimulated by thymosin hormones.

6.The pancreas is considered both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.Your Answer:True

The secretion of digestive enzymes is an exocrine function, and the production of insulin and glucagon is an endocrine function.

7.The secretion of melatonin follows a night-day cycle, becoming low at night and high during daylight.Your Answer:False

The blood level of melatonin is high at night and low during daylight hours.

8.The skin, the heart, and the kidneys contain cells or tissues that produce hormones.Your Answer:True

All the organs listed contain hormone-producing cells.

9.The synthesis and release of most hormones are regulated by a positive feedback system.Your Answer:False

Blood levels of most hormones are regulated by a negative feedback system.

10.The target tissues for oxytocin are the smooth muscle cells of the uterus and the myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands.Your Answer:True

The uterus contracts and the mammary glands eject the milk when stimulated by oxytocin.

11.Hormones are defined as chemical substances secreted into synapses by neurons to deliver messages Your Answer:False

Hormones are secreted into the extracellular fluids and travel through blood or lymph to target cells.

12.Most hormones can be classified chemically as either amino acid based or steroids.Your Answer:True

Most hormones belong to the amino acid group, while most others (steroids) are derived from cholesterol.

13.Paracrines are "long-distance" chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.Your Answer:False

Hormones are "long-distance" chemical signals; paracrines are local chemical signals.

14.Autocrines are secreted into the blood to travel to their destinations.Your Answer:False

Autocrines are released into the extracellular fluid and exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them.

15.Hormones that are derived from cholesterol are called steroid hormones.Your Answer:True

Steroids are synthesized from cholesterol.

16.Hormones may communicate with their target cells by binding to plasma membrane receptors.Your Answer:True

Binding to plasma membrane receptors is the mechanism used by amino acid hormones.

17.Hormones may communicate with their target cells by direct gene activation.Your Answer:True

Direct gene activation is the mechanism used by steroid hormones.

18.A hormone will affect all cells of the body.Your Answer:False

Even though all major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues, a given hormone influences only certain cells with the appropriate receptors (referred to as "target cells").

19.The hypothalamus regulates activity of the pituitary gland.Your Answer:True

The hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) activity, and triggers release of hormones from the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis).

20.Thymic hormones are involved in calcium regulation.Your Answer:False

Thymic hormones are involved in immunity. Thyroid and parathyroid hormones are involved in calcium regulation.

21.A hormone that exhibits antagonism will increase the action of another hormone.Your Answer:False

Antagonism has an opposite affect.

1.Endocrinology involves the study of the endocrine organs and __________.Your Answer:hormones

2.Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine gland?Your Answer:kidney

3.Autocrines are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body. Your Answer:False

4.Steroids are synthesized from __________. Your Answer:cholesterol

5.Any given hormone will influence the activity of __________.Your Answer:its target cells

6.In which of the following mechanisms of hormone action do intracellular calcium ions act as a final mediator? Your Answer:PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

7.Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. Your Answer:True

8.When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is called __________.Your Answer:antagonism

9.Which of the following occurs within a negative feedback system?Your Answer:Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release.

10.Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of stimuli to trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones?Your Answer:permissive stimuli

11.The anterior pituitary is known as the "master endocrine gland" because it controls the hypothalamus.Your Answer:False

12.Which of the following stimulates most body cells to increase in size and divide? Your Answer:growth hormone

13.Which of the following homeostatic imbalances results from hyposecretion of growth hormone?Your Answer:pituitary dwarfism

14.Which of the following hormones stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production?Your Answer:follicle-stimulating hormone

15.As blood levels of __________ rise, the expulsive contractions of labor gain momentum and finally end in birth.Your Answer:oxytocin

16.Which of the following is NOT one of the areas in which thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role?Your Answer:helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload

17.The cells found within the parathyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone are called __________.Your Answer:parathyroid cells

18.Which of the following conditions, if left untreated, progresses to respiratory paralysis and death?Your Answer:hypoparathyroidism

19.Which of the following homeostatic imbalances usually results from deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids? Your Answer:Addison's disease