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Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 1
IntelligenceIntelligence
LESSONSLESSONS
16.116.1 Measuring Intelligence
16.216.2 Theories of Intelligence
16.316.3 Influences on Intelligence
LESSONSLESSONS
16.116.1 Measuring Intelligence
16.216.2 Theories of Intelligence
16.316.3 Influences on Intelligence
CHAPTER 16CHAPTER 16CHAPTER 16CHAPTER 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 16 Slide 2
LESSON 16.1LESSON 16.1
Measuring IntelligenceMeasuring Intelligence
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESDescribe the history of intelligence testing.List and describe modern tests of mental
abilities.Explain principles of test construction.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 3
IntelligenceIntelligence
Intelligence is the mental abilities to adapt to and shape the environment.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 4
Early Intelligence TestingEarly Intelligence Testing
Alfred Binet (1857–1911)Theophilé SimonMental age is the age that reflects the
child’s mental abilities in comparison to the average child of the same age.
Henry Goddard
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 5
Modern Tests of Mental AbilitiesModern Tests of Mental Abilities
Aptitude test is a test that predicts a person’s capacity for learning.
Achievement test is a test designed to assess what a person has learned.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 6
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence ScaleThe Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Lewis Terman (1877–1956)Stanford-Binet Intelligence ScaleIntelligence quotient (IQ) is a ratio of
mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 7
The Weschler Intelligence ScalesThe Weschler Intelligence Scales
David WechslerDeviation IQ scoreScales for different age groups:
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ScaleWechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
IntelligenceWechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 8
Group-Administered TestsGroup-Administered Tests
Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests are given individually.
Group aptitude and achievement tests are given to thousands simultaneously.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 9
Principles of Test ConstructionPrinciples of Test Construction
StandardizationReliabilityValidity
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 10
StandardizationStandardization
Standardization is the process of establishing uniform procedures for administering a test and for interpreting its scores.
The Flynn effect is the tendency for performance on IQ tests to improve from one generation to the next.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 11
Reliability and ValidityReliability and Validity
Reliability is the degree to which a test yields consistent results.
Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is designed to measure.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 12
Do Intelligence Tests Have aDo Intelligence Tests Have aCultural Bias?Cultural Bias?
Two people with the same inborn abilities score differently on an intelligence test when one has less experience with the culture in which the test was developed.
Supporters of IQ tests claim that although the tests do not provide an unbiased measure of cognitive abilities, they do provide an accurate measure of whether people are likely to succeed in school and some occupations.
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 16 Slide 13
LESSON 16.2LESSON 16.2
Theories of IntelligenceTheories of Intelligence
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESExplain the general intelligence factor.Differentiate between crystallized intelligence
and fluid intelligence.Define multiple intelligences.Explain the triarchic theory of intelligence.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 14
General IntelligenceGeneral Intelligence
Charles Spearman (1863–1945)General intelligence factor (g-factor)
is a general intelligence ability that underlies all mental abilities.
Spearman argued that intelligence was one thing, not many things.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 15
Crystallized vs. Fluid IntelligenceCrystallized vs. Fluid Intelligence
Crystallized intelligence is a person’s knowledge and verbal skills learned through experience.
Fluid intelligence is a person’s ability to learn or invent strategies for dealing with problems.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 16
Figure 16-4Figure 16-4
Life-Span Changes in Crystallized and Life-Span Changes in Crystallized and Fluid IntelligenceFluid Intelligence
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 17
Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences
Multiple intelligences is Howard Gardner’s theory that there are at least eight separate intelligences all of which are developed differently in each individual.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 18
Gardner’s Multiple IntelligencesGardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic intelligenceLogical-mathematical intelligenceSpatial intelligenceMusical intelligenceBodily kinesthetic intelligenceNaturalist intelligenceInterpersonal intelligenceIntrapersonal intelligence
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 19
Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceTriarchic Theory of Intelligence
Triarchic theory of intelligence is Sternberg’s theory that there are three sets of mental abilities making up human intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 20
Table 16-2Table 16-2
Four Theories of IntelligenceFour Theories of IntelligenceIntelligence Theories
Description
Spearman’s general intelligence (g)
A basic or general form of intelligence predicts abilities in various academic areas.
Cattell’s crystallized and fluid intelligences
Two general kinds of intelligence: crystallized intelligence is knowledge and verbal skills acquired through experience, and fluid intelligence is the mental ability to learn or invent strategies for dealing with problems.
Gardner’s multiple Intelligences
Intelligence is made up of at least eight distinct intelligences that are developed differently in each person: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
Sternberg’s triarchic theory
Three sets of mental abilities make up intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 16 Slide 21
LESSON 16.3LESSON 16.3
Influences on IntelligenceInfluences on Intelligence
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES Identify the two extremes of intelligence.Explain the nature-nurture influence on
intelligence.Describe ways to enhance intelligence.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 22
Extremes of IntelligenceExtremes of Intelligence
Classification and education of individuals whose IQ scores fall at the two extremes of the normal intelligence curve is a controversial area of intellectual assessment.
The two extremes are mental retardation and mental giftedness.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 23
Mental RetardationMental Retardation
Mental retardation is a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an IQ score at or below 70 and difficulty in adapting to independent living.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 24
Figure 16-3Figure 16-3
Degrees of Mental RetardationDegrees of Mental Retardation
LevelTypical IQ Scores
Percentage of the Retarded
Mild 50–70 85%
Moderate 35–49 10%
Severe 20–34 <4%
Profound Below 20 <2%
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 25
What Causes Mental Retardation?What Causes Mental Retardation?
Doctors identify the cause about 25 percent of the time.
Causes include:InfectionsMalnutritionPoisoningPremature birthTraumaDown syndrome
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 26
Down SyndromeDown Syndrome
Down syndrome is a form of mental retardation caused by an extra chromosome in the genetic makeup.
Age of motherPhysical characteristicsMild to severe range of retardation
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 27
Mental GiftednessMental Giftedness
What does is mean to be “gifted”?IQ scoresSuperior potential
Childhood prodigiesEnrichment
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 28
Intelligence and Nature vs. NurtureIntelligence and Nature vs. Nurture
Twin studiesAdoption studiesReaction range
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 29
Twin StudiesTwin Studies
Intelligence experts have conducted research on twins raised by the same parents who have similar life experiences.
The experts believe that if the IQ scores of identical twins are more similar than those of fraternal twins, it is evidence that genetic inheritance (nature) is more important than life experiences (nurture) in determining intelligence.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 30
Figure 16-6Figure 16-6
Studies of IQ Similarity:Studies of IQ Similarity:The Nature vs. Nurture DebateThe Nature vs. Nurture Debate
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 31
Adoption StudiesAdoption StudiesResearchers studied adopted children to
understand the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence.
Biological parents give children their genes, while adoptive parents provide the environment.
If heredity matters more than environment, the children’s IQ scores should correlate higher with the biological parents’ scores than with the adoptive parents’ scores.
The reverse occurs if environment matters more than heredity.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 32
Reaction RangeReaction Range
Reaction range is the extent to which genetically determined limits on IQ may increase or decrease due to environmental factors.
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 33
Figure 16-7Figure 16-7
Reaction RangeReaction Range
Chapter 16
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
A Discovery ExperiencePSYCHOLOGY
Slide 34
Enhancing IntelligenceEnhancing Intelligence
Enriched environments and the brainValuing academic achievement
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