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Chapter 16: The Conquest of the Far West
1865-1896
Growth of the WestIndian Removal Act – 1830
a.Removal of Natives by force if needed/Pres. AJ
b.Trail of Tears after Cherokee Nation v. Ga. 1831
7.“No Mans Land”
8.Leads to “Land Rush” and “Sooners”
“Land Rush” & “Sooners”
Growth of the West1. Gold rush (1848)
2. Homestead Act (1862)
3. Alaska Terr. (1867)
4. TRR (1869)
5. Trouble w/Natives
Importance of the Buffalo
Settlers and the Buffalo
1. Killed a. by hunters for heads,
hides, bones, and fur
b. for sport
c. by RR co.
2. Helped gov’t push Natives onto reservations
Massacre at Sand Creek, Co 1864 1. Natives told to make camp at
Sand Creek to make peace deal.
2. Col. Chivingtona. >400 Cheyenne killed while
sleeping; bodies mutilatedb. Body parts kept as souvenirs
3. Later discredited by Congress
“Fetterman Massacre” (1866)
American Horse &
Red Cloud
Treaty of Laramie (1868)
1. Ended Great Sioux War of 1865-1867
2. Lands in the Black Hills, SD, Wy, and Mt.
3. Deposits of gold discovered, which leads to …
Battle at Little Bighorn, Mt.(aka Greasy Grass ) (1876)
1. 7th Calvary sent to take lands of Black Hills – found gold
2. Custer and men overtaken and killed by Crazy Horse
3. Public outcry = forcing more onto reservations
4. Same situation with the Nez Perce in the NW Pacific
“Custer’s Last Stand”
Sitting Bull
Geronimo
Apache Native American
The Demise of the Native American The Railroads Diseases Depletion of the buffalo Firewater aka liquor
http://invasionofamerica.ehistory.org/
Helen Hunt Jackson (1881)
1. Exposes injustices of the NA by the US gov’t
2. Supporter of assimilationa. Indian Rights Association
b. Women’s National Indian Association
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
1. To “Americanize” NA by teaching them that owning land and farming was “right”
2. Reservation lands distributed to head of household; 160 acres; individuality not communal
3. Lands left over sold to settlers; funds for the benefit of the Native Americans
4. NA lost >2/3rd of their lands
5. Later reversed with the Indian Reorganization Act aka Indian New Deal; which returned NA their sovereignty
Assimilation of the Native American
1. Farming
2. Christianity
3. English
4. Education
“Friends of the Indians”
Carlisle Indian School, Pa.
Ghost Dance: prohibited by government1. Return of the buffalo
2. Restorations of their lands
3. Make the white man disappear
Battle of Wounded Knee @ Pine Ridge Reservation (1890)
1. Started with the arrest and killing of Sitting Bull
2. A few days later, 7th Calvary rounded up ghost dancers and took them to Wounded Knee Camp
3. >200 unarmed NA killed and left to freeze
4. Payback for Battle of Little Bighorn
5. Brought Indian wars to an end
Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee
Miners “Striking it Rich!”Mining for Gold and Silver
Pike’s Peakers/’59ers
Pros and Cons of Mining
a. Pros
i.Railroads increased
ii.Statehood increased
iii.Cities developed and “Boomed”- economy grew rapidly
b. Cons
i. Increased crime
ii. Destruction of land
iii. “ghost towns”
Real Winners?a. Mine owners - able to invest capital in industries that supported the miners
i. Equip and technology
ii. RR
iii. Timber
iv. Hydroelectricity
b. The Union/Civil War
http://cprr.org/Museum/Hydraulic_Mining/
Hazards of Mining
The Western Federation of Miners on parade, passing the Southern Hotel in Rhyolite, February 17, 1907.
(Nevada Historical Society)
Miners & Workers
From Boom Towns to Ghost Towns
•
http://cprr.org/Museum/Hydraulic_Mining/
Realities of “Helldorados”
Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive
Let’s play “Life as a Farmer!”
Cowboys & Cattle
Life as a Cowboy
1. Hard: Saloons, violence, guns, and prostitutes
2. Range wars = fences; problematic for grazing
Long Drives & the RR
B. Collapse of Cattle Industry
barb wire overgrazing
overstocking
extreme weather
Homestead Act of 1862
1. 160 acres/$30 fee2. 5 yrs cultivation (grow crops)3. Option of purchasing it at $1.25 acre after 6 months
(residency requirement)
4. Land for farming was bad5. Only 10% of farmers received their lands from the
act. Why so little?- Better lands closer to transportation and town/mkts- Plenty of room for corruption
Farming and Technology
McCormick’s reaper
Farming and Technology
1. Efficiency = increase trade
2. Dependent on:a. Technology
b. Nature
c. Shipping and RR
d. Global markets
3. Dry Farming techniques
Bonanza Farms
Swift’s Refrigerated RR Carts
Competed on a global market not just domestic = huge debts!
Manufactured goods vs. agricultureProblems?
Other problems for farmers?
The Great Plains
Why move to the Great Plains?
(future home of the Dust Bowl!)
a. Homestead Act
b. Advertising
c. RR/towns
d. Farming technology
Dugouts
Soddies
Fredrick Jackson Turner
American historian
Frontier Thesis: American democracy is shaped by each new frontier in the U.S.
The Grange Aka patrons of Husbandry Social, educational,
fraternal activities By 1875, 800,000
members
Oliver Kelly
The Grange (1867)
1. Corporations such as RR and banks to blame for their hard times
2. Foreign competition = decrease prices of US crops
3. Banned together to dev. own grain elevators, stores, equip to control prices = Cooperatives
Coxey’s Army (1894)
1. Unemployed march to Washington, D.C.
2. Wanted federal gov’t to create jobs via public works projects
Pullman Strike (1894)
1. Wages cut but not rent
2. Il National Guard sent in, then federal troops
3. Led by Eugene Debs ARU-American Railway Union
4. Nationwide strike
5. End result: 25 dead
Election of 1896 McKinley (Rep)
WJ Bryan (Dem)
“Cross of Gold”