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Chapter 16.2: The Citric Acid Cycle. CHEM 7784 Biochemistry Professor Bensley. CHAPTER 16 The Citric Acid Cycle. Today’s Objectives: (To learn and understand the). Reactions of the citric acid cycle. Respiration: Stage 1. Generates some:ATP, NADH, FADH 2. Respiration: Stage 2. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 16.2: The Citric Acid Cycle
CHEM 7784Biochemistry
Professor Bensley
CHAPTER 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
– Reactions of the citric acid cycle
Today’s Objectives: (To learn and understand the)
Respiration: Stage 1
Generates some: ATP, NADH, FADH2
Respiration: Stage 2
Generates more NADH, FADH2 and
one GTP
The Citrate Synthase Reaction (Step #1)
• The only cycle reaction with C-C bond formation
• Essentially irreversible process
Isomerization of Citrate by Aconitase (Step #2)
The Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Reaction (Step #3)
Oxidation of the alcohol to ketone involves the transfer of a hydride from the C-H of the alcohol to the nicotinamide cofactor – 3 step mechanism
Oxidation of -ketoglutarate (Step #4)
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation (Step #5)
Succinate Dehydrogenase (Step #6)
Hydration of
Fumarate to Malate (Step #7)
Oxidation of Malate to Oxaloacetate (Step #8)
Products from One Turn of the Cycle
Net Effect of the Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O
2CO2 +3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA + 3H+
• Carbons of acetyl groups in acetyl-CoA are oxidized to CO2
• Electrons from this process reduce NAD+ and FAD
• One GTP is formed per cycle, this can be converted to ATP
• Intermediates in the cycle are not depleted
Direct and Indirect ATP Yield
Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism
Chapter 16: Summary
• Citric acid cycle is an important catabolic process: it makes GTP, and reduced cofactors that could yield ATP
• Citric acid cycle plays important anabolic roles in the cell
• A large multi-subunit enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA
• Several cofactors are involved in reactions that harness the energy from pyruvate
• The rules of organic chemistry help to rationalize reactions in the citric acid cycle
In this chapter, we learned that: