CHAPTER 17CHAPTER 17: THE TIDE OF WAR TURNS

Section 3: The North Wins

Today we will trace the war

from Antietam to Appomattox.

The Road to GettysburgThe Road to Gettysburg

Battle of Antietam (September 1862) – Battle of Antietam (September 1862) – McClellan stopped Lee’s Northern McClellan stopped Lee’s Northern

invasion, but failed to finish off Lee’s invasion, but failed to finish off Lee’s army, which retreated safely to Virginia.army, which retreated safely to Virginia.

Battle of Antietam (September 1862) – Battle of Antietam (September 1862) – McClellan stopped Lee’s Northern McClellan stopped Lee’s Northern

invasion, but failed to finish off Lee’s invasion, but failed to finish off Lee’s army, which retreated safely to Virginia.army, which retreated safely to Virginia.

The Road to GettysburgThe Road to Gettysburg

Lincoln replaced

McClellan with Ambrose

Burnside. But Burnside also proved to be a disappointment

.

Lincoln replaced

McClellan with Ambrose

Burnside. But Burnside also proved to be a disappointment

.

The Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia (December, 1862)

The Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia (December, 1862)

Burnside’s men would have to Burnside’s men would have to build pontoon bridges to cross build pontoon bridges to cross the Rappahannock River before the Rappahannock River before they could attack Confederate they could attack Confederate

troops in the town.troops in the town.

Burnside’s men would have to Burnside’s men would have to build pontoon bridges to cross build pontoon bridges to cross the Rappahannock River before the Rappahannock River before they could attack Confederate they could attack Confederate

troops in the town.troops in the town.

Burnside had to send landing parties over in boats during the night to drive off sharpshooters that were

firing at the bridge builders.

Burnside had to send landing parties over in boats during the night to drive off sharpshooters that were

firing at the bridge builders.

The Battle of FredericksburgThe Battle of Fredericksburg

Burnside ordered sixteen separate charges by his men to attack

the Confederate troops positioned

on the high ground above

the river.

Burnside ordered sixteen separate charges by his men to attack

the Confederate troops positioned

on the high ground above

the river.

The Confederates fought from trenches and a stone wall at the top of a hill overlooking the river, and

poured fire down on the advancing Union soldiers.

The Confederates fought from trenches and a stone wall at the top of a hill overlooking the river, and

poured fire down on the advancing Union soldiers.

• The Union suffered 12,600 killed or wounded.• Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph

Hooker

• The Union suffered 12,600 killed or wounded.• Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph

Hooker

The Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia (May, 1863)

The Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia (May, 1863)

• With half as many men as Hooker, Lee still managed to cut the Union forces to pieces.

• With half as many men as Hooker, Lee still managed to cut the Union forces to pieces.• As General “Stonewall”

Jackson returned from a patrol on May 2, Confederate sentries thought he was a Union soldier and shot him in the arm.

• A surgeon amputated the arm, but Jackson caught pneumonia and died a week later.

• As General “Stonewall” Jackson returned from a patrol on May 2, Confederate sentries thought he was a Union soldier and shot him in the arm.

• A surgeon amputated the arm, but Jackson caught pneumonia and died a week later.

Lee’s Second Invasion of the North

• Lee hoped that a Confederate victory in Union territory would fuel Northern discontent with the war and bring calls for peace.

• He also hoped a Southern victory would lead European nations to give diplomaticrecognition and aid to the Confederacy.

• Lee hoped that a Confederate victory in Union territory would fuel Northern discontent with the war and bring calls for peace.

• He also hoped a Southern victory would lead European nations to give diplomaticrecognition and aid to the Confederacy.

The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3)(July 1-3)

The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3)(July 1-3)

• Lee crossed into southern Pennsylvania. Lee crossed into southern Pennsylvania. He entered Gettysburg looking for shoes He entered Gettysburg looking for shoes for his men, but ran into Union troops. for his men, but ran into Union troops.

• The fighting would rage for three days, The fighting would rage for three days, with 90,000 Union troops commanded by with 90,000 Union troops commanded by General George Meade facing 75,000 General George Meade facing 75,000 Confederates led by Lee.Confederates led by Lee.

• Lee crossed into southern Pennsylvania. Lee crossed into southern Pennsylvania. He entered Gettysburg looking for shoes He entered Gettysburg looking for shoes for his men, but ran into Union troops. for his men, but ran into Union troops.

• The fighting would rage for three days, The fighting would rage for three days, with 90,000 Union troops commanded by with 90,000 Union troops commanded by General George Meade facing 75,000 General George Meade facing 75,000 Confederates led by Lee.Confederates led by Lee.

July 1 – Lee’s men entered Gettysburg, but were slowed by Union cavalry.

By day’s end, Lee’s troops held the town, while Union troops were driven back to positions south of Gettysburg

on a piece of high ground called Cemetery Ridge.

July 2 – Confederates attacked Union positions and tried to flank them at Little Round Top.

Heroic efforts by Union soldiers from Maine kept Lee’s men from

gaining the advantage on Meade’s position along Cemetery Ridge.

Throughout the day, Lee’s forces poured into Gettysburg, as did Union

troops from the south.

July 3 – Pickett’s Charge

• Lee ordered General George Pickett to Lee ordered General George Pickett to mount a direct attack on the middle of the mount a direct attack on the middle of the Union line. Union line.

• 13,000 rebel troops charged up the ridge 13,000 rebel troops charged up the ridge into heavy Union fire.into heavy Union fire.

• Pickett’s men were torn to pieces, as Union Pickett’s men were torn to pieces, as Union soldiers chanted, “Fredericksburg, soldiers chanted, “Fredericksburg, Fredericksburg !”Fredericksburg !”

• The Confederates retreated, but once The Confederates retreated, but once again, the Union general failed to finish off again, the Union general failed to finish off Lee’s army.Lee’s army.

• Lee ordered General George Pickett to Lee ordered General George Pickett to mount a direct attack on the middle of the mount a direct attack on the middle of the Union line. Union line.

• 13,000 rebel troops charged up the ridge 13,000 rebel troops charged up the ridge into heavy Union fire.into heavy Union fire.

• Pickett’s men were torn to pieces, as Union Pickett’s men were torn to pieces, as Union soldiers chanted, “Fredericksburg, soldiers chanted, “Fredericksburg, Fredericksburg !”Fredericksburg !”

• The Confederates retreated, but once The Confederates retreated, but once again, the Union general failed to finish off again, the Union general failed to finish off Lee’s army.Lee’s army.

What was the What was the Battle Battle of Gettysburg?of Gettysburg?

What was the What was the Battle Battle of Gettysburg?of Gettysburg?

• The Battle of Gettysburg was an The Battle of Gettysburg was an 1863 1863 battle in which the Union defeated the battle in which the Union defeated the Confederacy, ending hopes for a Confederacy, ending hopes for a Confederate victory in the North.Confederate victory in the North.

• The Battle of Gettysburg was an The Battle of Gettysburg was an 1863 1863 battle in which the Union defeated the battle in which the Union defeated the Confederacy, ending hopes for a Confederacy, ending hopes for a Confederate victory in the North.Confederate victory in the North.

What was What was Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge?What was What was Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge?

• Pickett’s Charge was General George Pickett’s doomed attack on the middle of the Union line at Gettysburg; Pickett’s men were torn to pieces by Union troops.

The Union Victory atGettysburg

• Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North were crushed. in the North were crushed.

• The North had lost 23,000 men, but The North had lost 23,000 men, but over one-third of Lee’s army, 28,000 over one-third of Lee’s army, 28,000 men, lay dead or wounded. men, lay dead or wounded.

• Lee led his army back to Virginia and Lee led his army back to Virginia and never again invaded the North.never again invaded the North.

• Britain gave up all thought of Britain gave up all thought of supporting the South.supporting the South.

• Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North were crushed. in the North were crushed.

• The North had lost 23,000 men, but The North had lost 23,000 men, but over one-third of Lee’s army, 28,000 over one-third of Lee’s army, 28,000 men, lay dead or wounded. men, lay dead or wounded.

• Lee led his army back to Virginia and Lee led his army back to Virginia and never again invaded the North.never again invaded the North.

• Britain gave up all thought of Britain gave up all thought of supporting the South.supporting the South.

Why was the Battle of Gettysburg important?

• The Battle of Gettysburg was important because it ended Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North.

Why was Gettysburg considered a turning point of the war?

• Gettysburg was considered a turning Gettysburg was considered a turning point of the war because more than point of the war because more than 28,000 Confederate soldiers were killed 28,000 Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded, ending Lee’s hopes for or wounded, ending Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North.a Confederate victory in the North.

• Gettysburg was considered a turning Gettysburg was considered a turning point of the war because more than point of the war because more than 28,000 Confederate soldiers were killed 28,000 Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded, ending Lee’s hopes for or wounded, ending Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North.a Confederate victory in the North.

The Fall of Vicksburg (July 4, 1863)

• The day after Pickett’s Charge, the Union The day after Pickett’s Charge, the Union received news that General Ulysses S. received news that General Ulysses S. Grant had defeated Confederate troops at Grant had defeated Confederate troops at the Siege of Vicksburg.the Siege of Vicksburg.

• Vicksburg was the last major Confederate Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River.stronghold on the Mississippi River.

• After Grant’s direct attacks failed, his After Grant’s direct attacks failed, his troops surrounded the city.troops surrounded the city.

• After nearly a month and a half, the city After nearly a month and a half, the city surrendered.surrendered.

• The day after Pickett’s Charge, the Union The day after Pickett’s Charge, the Union received news that General Ulysses S. received news that General Ulysses S. Grant had defeated Confederate troops at Grant had defeated Confederate troops at the Siege of Vicksburg.the Siege of Vicksburg.

• Vicksburg was the last major Confederate Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River.stronghold on the Mississippi River.

• After Grant’s direct attacks failed, his After Grant’s direct attacks failed, his troops surrounded the city.troops surrounded the city.

• After nearly a month and a half, the city After nearly a month and a half, the city surrendered.surrendered.

The ImportanceImportance of VicksburgVicksburgThe ImportanceImportance of VicksburgVicksburg

• Since the North had taken New Orleans Since the North had taken New Orleans the previous spring, with complete the previous spring, with complete control over the Mississippi River, the control over the Mississippi River, the South was split in two.South was split in two.

• The Anaconda Plan was now almost The Anaconda Plan was now almost complete.complete.

• The tide of war turned in favor of the The tide of war turned in favor of the North. North.

• In Grant, Lincoln found a man who was In Grant, Lincoln found a man who was willing to fight Lee.willing to fight Lee.

• Since the North had taken New Orleans Since the North had taken New Orleans the previous spring, with complete the previous spring, with complete control over the Mississippi River, the control over the Mississippi River, the South was split in two.South was split in two.

• The Anaconda Plan was now almost The Anaconda Plan was now almost complete.complete.

• The tide of war turned in favor of the The tide of war turned in favor of the North. North.

• In Grant, Lincoln found a man who was In Grant, Lincoln found a man who was willing to fight Lee.willing to fight Lee.

What was the Siege of VicksburgSiege of Vicksburg?What was the Siege of VicksburgSiege of Vicksburg?• The The Siege of Vicksburg Siege of Vicksburg was an was an 1863 1863

Union victory Union victory in the Civil War that in the Civil War that enabled the Union to control the entire enabled the Union to control the entire Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

• The The Siege of Vicksburg Siege of Vicksburg was an was an 1863 1863 Union victory Union victory in the Civil War that in the Civil War that enabled the Union to control the entire enabled the Union to control the entire Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

How did the victory at Vicksburg help to fulfill the Anaconda Plan?

• The victory at Vicksburg helped to fulfill The victory at Vicksburg helped to fulfill the Anaconda Plan by the Anaconda Plan by giving the Union giving the Union complete control complete control of the of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River, , splitting the Confederacy in two.splitting the Confederacy in two.

• The victory at Vicksburg helped to fulfill The victory at Vicksburg helped to fulfill the Anaconda Plan by the Anaconda Plan by giving the Union giving the Union complete control complete control of the of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River, , splitting the Confederacy in two.splitting the Confederacy in two.

Grant as Union Commander• March 1864 – Lincoln names March 1864 – Lincoln names

General Grant commander of all General Grant commander of all the Union armiesthe Union armies

• Grant’s plan to defeat the Grant’s plan to defeat the Confederacy – His men would Confederacy – His men would pursue Lee’s army in Virginia, pursue Lee’s army in Virginia, while Union forces under General while Union forces under General William Tecumseh Sherman pushed William Tecumseh Sherman pushed through the Deep South to the through the Deep South to the Atlantic coast. Atlantic coast.

• March 1864 – Lincoln names March 1864 – Lincoln names General Grant commander of all General Grant commander of all the Union armiesthe Union armies

• Grant’s plan to defeat the Grant’s plan to defeat the Confederacy – His men would Confederacy – His men would pursue Lee’s army in Virginia, pursue Lee’s army in Virginia, while Union forces under General while Union forces under General William Tecumseh Sherman pushed William Tecumseh Sherman pushed through the Deep South to the through the Deep South to the Atlantic coast. Atlantic coast.

Why was Northern success in the Why was Northern success in the Siege of Vicksburg important?Siege of Vicksburg important?

Why was Northern success in the Why was Northern success in the Siege of Vicksburg important?Siege of Vicksburg important?

• Northern success in the Siege of Vicksburg Northern success in the Siege of Vicksburg split the South in two.split the South in two.

• It also helped propel Grant to the leadership It also helped propel Grant to the leadership of the Union’s armies.of the Union’s armies.

• Northern success in the Siege of Vicksburg Northern success in the Siege of Vicksburg split the South in two.split the South in two.

• It also helped propel Grant to the leadership It also helped propel Grant to the leadership of the Union’s armies.of the Union’s armies.

Sherman’s Total War• September 1864 –

Sherman took Atlanta, then set out on a march to the sea, cutting a path of destruction up to 60 miles wide and 300 miles long through Georgia.

• Total war: not only against enemy troops, but against everything that supports the enemy

Sherman’s Total War• His troops tore up rail His troops tore up rail

lines, destroyed lines, destroyed crops, and burned crops, and burned and looted towns.and looted towns.

• Sherman’s triumph in Sherman’s triumph in Atlanta was important Atlanta was important for Lincoln.for Lincoln.

• His troops tore up rail His troops tore up rail lines, destroyed lines, destroyed crops, and burned crops, and burned and looted towns.and looted towns.

• Sherman’s triumph in Sherman’s triumph in Atlanta was important Atlanta was important for Lincoln.for Lincoln.

Who was William Tecumseh Sherman?

• William Tecumseh Sherman was a Union general whose troops pushed through the Deep South to Atlanta and the Atlantic Coast, destroying everything that supported the enemy. 60 miles wide, and 300 miles in length.

Lincoln’s Re-election

• In In 18641864, the president was running for , the president was running for reelection, but many Northerners were reelection, but many Northerners were tired of war.tired of war.

• In In 18641864, the president was running for , the president was running for reelection, but many Northerners were reelection, but many Northerners were tired of war.tired of war.

Lincoln’s Re-election

• Democrats nominated Democrats nominated George McClellanGeorge McClellan, , who ran on an antiwar platform.who ran on an antiwar platform.

• Democrats nominated Democrats nominated George McClellanGeorge McClellan, , who ran on an antiwar platform.who ran on an antiwar platform.

Lincoln’s Re-election

• After Sherman’s success in the South, After Sherman’s success in the South, Northerners could sense a Union victory. Northerners could sense a Union victory.

• Lincoln Lincoln wonwon with with 55 percent 55 percent of the of the popular vote. popular vote.

• After Sherman’s success in the South, After Sherman’s success in the South, Northerners could sense a Union victory. Northerners could sense a Union victory.

• Lincoln Lincoln wonwon with with 55 percent 55 percent of the of the popular vote. popular vote.

Why were Sherman’s victories important for Lincoln?

• Sherman’s victories were important because Lincoln was involved in a tough reelection campaign and many Northerners were tired of the war.

• Sherman’s successes gave Northerners hope for victory, and this optimism helped Lincoln to win reelection.

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

• Lincoln hoped for a speedy end to the war and tried to make it easier for the South to surrender.

• “With malice towards none; with charity for all; . . . let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; . . . to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace.”

Grant’s Virginia Campaign• Since May 1864, Grant and his generals

had been fighting battle after battle, all the while moving south toward Richmond.

• Since May 1864, Grant and his generals had been fighting battle after battle, all the while moving south toward Richmond.

• Battle of the Wilderness (May, 1864) – Union and Confederate forces fought in a tangle of trees and brush so thick that they could barely see each other. Grant lost over 17,000 men, but pushed on.

• Battle of Cold Harbor (June, 1864) – 7,000 Union casualties, most in the first few minutes of battle.

• Battle of the Wilderness (May, 1864) – Union and Confederate forces fought in a tangle of trees and brush so thick that they could barely see each other. Grant lost over 17,000 men, but pushed on.

• Battle of Cold Harbor (June, 1864) – 7,000 Union casualties, most in the first few minutes of battle.

Petersburg (June, 1864)

• Unable to break through the Unable to break through the rebel defenses, the Union forces rebel defenses, the Union forces dug trenches and settled in for a dug trenches and settled in for a ten-month siege. ten-month siege.

• With Grant tightening his noose With Grant tightening his noose around Richmond, around Richmond, Lee pulled outLee pulled out, , and and Richmond fell Richmond fell on on April 3April 3..

• Unable to break through the Unable to break through the rebel defenses, the Union forces rebel defenses, the Union forces dug trenches and settled in for a dug trenches and settled in for a ten-month siege. ten-month siege.

• With Grant tightening his noose With Grant tightening his noose around Richmond, around Richmond, Lee pulled outLee pulled out, , and and Richmond fell Richmond fell on on April 3April 3..

Who was Ulysses S. Grant?

• Ulysses S. Grant was a Union general who defeated rebel troops at the Siege of Vicksburg and crushed Lee’s Army or Northern Virginia outside Richmond.

• Lee wanted to keep fighting, but he knew that his situation was hopeless.

• He sent a message to General Grant that he was ready to surrender.

• On April 9, 1865, Lee and Grant met in the small Virginia town of Appomattox Court House to arrange the surrender.

• Lee wanted to keep fighting, but he knew that his situation was hopeless.

• He sent a message to General Grant that he was ready to surrender.

• On April 9, 1865, Lee and Grant met in the small Virginia town of Appomattox Court House to arrange the surrender.

Surrender at Appomattox

• Grant offered generous terms of Grant offered generous terms of surrender. surrender.

• After giving up their arms, Lee’s men After giving up their arms, Lee’s men could return home with their private could return home with their private possessions and horses. possessions and horses.

• Grant offered generous terms of Grant offered generous terms of surrender. surrender.

• After giving up their arms, Lee’s men After giving up their arms, Lee’s men could return home with their private could return home with their private possessions and horses. possessions and horses.

Surrender at Appomattox

Why were Grant’s terms of surrender considered generous?

• Grant’s terms of surrender were Grant’s terms of surrender were considered generous because he considered generous because he allowed the Confederates to return allowed the Confederates to return home after handing over their weapons.home after handing over their weapons.

• Grant’s terms of surrender were Grant’s terms of surrender were considered generous because he considered generous because he allowed the Confederates to return allowed the Confederates to return home after handing over their weapons.home after handing over their weapons.

• Grant gave food to the Confederate soldiers.• After four long years, the Civil War was

coming to a close.

Surrender at AppomattoxSurrender at Appomattox

Why is Appomattox Courthouse important?

Why is Appomattox Courthouse important?

• Appomattox Court House Appomattox Court House was the Virginia was the Virginia town where town where Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee surrenderedsurrendered to to Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant in in 18651865, ending the Civil , ending the Civil War.War.

• Appomattox Court House Appomattox Court House was the Virginia was the Virginia town where town where Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee surrenderedsurrendered to to Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant in in 18651865, ending the Civil , ending the Civil War.War.

How did Grant treat Confederate soldiers after the surrender at

Appomattox Court House?

After the surrender at Appomattox Court

House, Grant treated Confederate soldiers

respectfully, gave them food, allowed them to take their

personal possessions home with them.

Who was Robert E. Lee?

• Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee was a was a Confederate general Confederate general who was who was defeated at Gettysburg defeated at Gettysburg and later and later surrendered to Grant at Appomattoxsurrendered to Grant at Appomattox..

• Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee was a was a Confederate general Confederate general who was who was defeated at Gettysburg defeated at Gettysburg and later and later surrendered to Grant at Appomattoxsurrendered to Grant at Appomattox..

Re-teaching 17.317.3For each of the following events, describe one or more of

the immediate outcomes immediate outcomes described in the section.1. The Confederate Army under General Robert E. Lee

battled Union troops under General Joseph Hooker at Chancellorsville, Virginia.

2. Lee's army crossed into Pennsylvania and encountered Union troops at Gettysburg.

3. Confederates decided to attack the Union Army head-on in what became known as Pickett's Charge.

4. Union troops under General Ulysses S. Grant defeated Confederate troops in the Siege of Vicksburg.

5. General William T. Sherman’s troops pushed through the Deep South to Atlanta and the Atlantic Coast.

6. Generals Grant and Lee faced off for ten months in Petersburg.

7. General Lee sent a message to General Grant that he was ready to surrender.