Chapter 17: Revolution and Enlightenment 1550-1800

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Chapter 17: Revolution and Enlightenment 1550-1800

The Impact Today•Scientists use research

techniques that are based on the scientific method.

•Intellectuals of the Enlightenment advocated the rights of the individual, paving the way for the rise of democracy.

The Impact Today

•Montesquieu’s idea of separation of powers strongly influenced the writing of the Constitution of the United States.

Section 1: The Scientific Revolution•Objectives:

–1. Students will understand how the Scientific Revolution changed humankind’s view of the universe.

Section 1: The Scientific Revolution• “Natural philosophers” name

given to medieval scientists.

• Natural philosophers relied on the works of ancient authorities such as Aristotle for scientific knowledge.

Developments that encouraged new ways of thinking:• 1.Technical problems that

required careful observation and calculations stimulated scientific activity.

• 2. Inventions of new technology:–Telescope, microscope, & printing

press.

Developments that encouraged new ways of thinking:• 3. Mathematicians believed that

the secrets of nature were written in the language of mathematics.

Revolution in Astronomy

• Especially significant in the Scientific Revolution were discoveries in astronomy.

Ptolemaic System• Constructed a model

of the universe.

• His model was geocentric.

• Geocentric means the Earth was at the center of the universe.



http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/PtolemyAstronomy.htm

Ptolemy

Ptolemaic System• Beyond the 10th

sphere was heaven.• Heaven was at the

end of the universe, and humans were at the center.

• Humans were given power over the Earth.



http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/PtolemyAstronomy.htm

Ptolemy

Nicholas Copernicus• Copernicus believed

the universe was heliocentric.

• Heliocentric means that the sun was at the center of the universe.



http://www.oceanparkoes.org/study/?p=88



Johannes Kepler• Kepler confirmed the

Sun was the center of the universe.

• Determined orbits of the planets were not circular but elliptical.

• Kepler’s TelescopeQuickTime™ and a

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http://www.visualstatistics.net/east-west/long%20waves%20of%20time/long%20waves%20of%20time.htm

Galileo Galileo GalileiGalilei• Galileo determined

that planets were made of matter like the Earth.

• Made Europeans more aware of the new view of the universe.



http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/galileo.htm

Galileo on Trial pg.510

• What would you have done in Galileo’s situation?

• What are some religious and ethical conflicts that scientific advancements have created in recent years?

Galileo Galileo GalileiGalilei•Galileo Spacecraft



http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacecraft/gallileospacecraft.html

Isaac Isaac NewtonNewton• In the book, Principia,

Newton defined the three laws of motion that govern planetary bodies.



http://www.comicbookreligion.com/?c=4728&Isaac_Newton

Isaac Isaac NewtonNewton• Universal Law of

Gravitation–Explains that planetary Explains that planetary

bodies don’t go off in bodies don’t go off in straight lines but straight lines but instead continue on an instead continue on an elliptical course due to elliptical course due to gravitational force of gravitational force of planetary bodies.planetary bodies.



http://www.comicbookreligion.com/?c=4728&Isaac_Newton

Scientific Contributions - Review

• Copericus:Copericus: Solar system is centered around the sun.

• Kepler: Planets mover around the sun in ellipses.

• Galileo: Planets are composed of material like Earth.

• Newton: Laws of motion govern planets and objects on Earth.

William Harvey • Discovered heart, not liver, was

the origin for the circulation of blood in the body.

• Proved that blood flows through both veins and arteries.

• Proved blood makes complete circuit through the body.

Robert Boyle • One of the first

scientists to conduct controlled experiments.

• Boyle’s Law: volume of gasses varies depending upon the pressure exerted on it.



http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1997/PSCF3-97Woodall.html

Antoine Lavoisier

• Regarded as the founder of modern chemistry.

• Invented a system of naming chemical elements.



http://www.personsfamous.com/Scientist/100/Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier.html

Women in Science • Women were also involved in the

Scientific Revolution.• Between 1650-1710 14% of

German astronomers were women.• Maria Winkelmann: most famous

female astronomer. She discovered a comet. Denied post at Berlin Academy because she was a woman.

Rene Descartes

• Called father of modern rationalism.

• Rationalism: reason is the chief source of knowledge.



http://nearemmaus.wordpress.com/2010/09/20/confused-by-descartes-cogito-ergo-sum-to-god/

Francis Bacon• Developed scientific method.

• Scientific method: systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence.



http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489084486533037

Section 2: The Section 2: The EnlightenmentEnlightenment

• Objective:

–1. Students will understand how the ideas of the Scientific Revolution led to the Enlightenment

Path to EnlightenmentPath to Enlightenment

• Enlightenment was a Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that philosophical movement that was effected by the Scientific was effected by the Scientific Revolution in Europe.Revolution in Europe.

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Political_philosophy

Enlightenment• Goal: to create Goal: to create

a better society a better society than the one than the one they inherited.they inherited.

• Enlightenment especially influenced by Isaac Newton and John Locke.



http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/John_Locke

Enlightenment• Newton believed that

he could discover the natural laws that govern the physical world.



http://www.physics.wustl.edu/~alford/newton.html

Enlightenment• Believed people were Believed people were

born with a “clean born with a “clean slate” and molded by slate” and molded by their experiences.their experiences.

• If people were If people were exposed to the right exposed to the right experiences a new experiences a new society could be society could be created. created.



http://www.btinternet.com/~glynhughes/squashed/locke.htm

Are we more a product of nature or nurture?

John Locke• His political theory of government

by the consent of the governed as a means to protect “life, liberty and estate” deeply influenced the United States’ founding documents. His essays on religious tolerance provided an early model for the separation of church and state.

http://www.btinternet.com/~glynhughes/squashed/locke.htm

Philosophes and Their IdeasPhilosophes and Their Ideas• Intellectuals “educated men” were

known as Philosophe means philosopher.

• Most leaders of the Enlightenment were French.

• The Enlightenment was an international movement.

• Goal was to change the world.

Montesquieu• Wrote book, The

Spirit of the Laws.

• Identified three basic types of governments. QuickTime™ and a


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Montesquieu_1.png

Montesquieu’s 3 Governments

• Republic: suitable for small states.

• Despotism: appropriate for large states.

• Monarchies: ideal for moderate-sized states.



http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Montesquieu_1.png

Separation of Powers

• Three branches of government.

• Provide a check and balance to each other.

• This system provides the greatest freedom and security for the state.

• Used by the United States.



Toward a New Social Science• Adam Smith is Adam Smith is

considered to be a considered to be a founder of economics.founder of economics.

• Believed governments Believed governments should not get involved should not get involved in economics. in economics.

• This belief was known This belief was known as as Laissez-faire Laissez-faire “let “let the people do what they the people do what they want.want.



http://www.greekshares.com/capitalism.php

Adam Smith

• Believed the Believed the government had only government had only three basic roles:three basic roles:

1. Protect society from 1. Protect society from invasion. (Army)invasion. (Army)

2. Defend the citizens 2. Defend the citizens from injustice (Police)from injustice (Police)

3. Keep up public 3. Keep up public works.works.



http://www.greekshares.com/capitalism.php

Social World of the Enlightenment• Most common people were

unaware and little affected by the Enlightenment period.

• The Enlightenment spread in large part due to spread of literature.

• During the Enlightenment, publishing and reading became more popular.

Social World of the Enlightenment• Magazines and newspapers were

first published during this time. • The first newspaper was published

in London in 1702. • Salons were popular among the

wealthy. • Salons were large drawing rooms in

wealthy peoples homes.

Religion in the Enlightenment• Europe experienced

a “Great Awakening” in religious passion.

• Revivals became popular, large public meetings for preaching and prayer.



http://www.robertrueda.org/?p=19

John Wesley• Methodism became

most famous new religious movement in England.

• Methodism appealed to lower classes.

• Believed God’s grace assured one’s salvation.



http://www.nndb.com/people/486/000096198/

John Wesley• Methodism helped

lead to the abolishment of the slave trade in early 1800s.

• Gave people of lower and middle classes a sense of purpose and community.




John Wesley• Methodists stressed

hard work and spiritual contentment rather than demands of political equality. QuickTime™ and a



New Lights v. Old Lights

New Light Religions:

Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterians,

& Congregationalists.

Old Light Religions:

Roman Catholic, Luthern,

Calvinists, Puritan, Anabaptists.

Impact of the Enlightenment•Art was highly

secular. •Art spoke in terms of pleasure, happiness, and love.

•Emphasized sense of enchantment and enthusiasm.



http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/anc_frag_swing.html



http://www.digitalart.ab.ca/art/rococo/watermill.htm

Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism• Philosphes believed in natural rights

for everyone. • Rights included: • Equality before the law.• Freedom of religion, speech, press,

assembly.• Right to hold property & pursue

happiness.

Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism• In late 1700s many historians

assumed a new monarchy was established called “enlightened“enlightened absolutism”.absolutism”.

• Rulers were supposed to govern by Rulers were supposed to govern by Enlightenment principles and still Enlightenment principles and still maintain royal powers. maintain royal powers.

Prussia’s Monarchy: Frederick I & II • Supreme values:

obedience, honor, and above all service to the king.

• Major concern was size of army.

• Nobles supported king and held high ranks in Prussian army.






http://www.feldjagercorps.org/Frederick_II.html

Prussia’s Monarchy: Frederick I & II • Frederick II known as

“Frederick the Great”• Made enlightened

reforms such as abolishing torture in most cases; granted limited freedom of speech and press, and great religious toleration.






http://www.feldjagercorps.org/Frederick_II.html

Austria’s Monarchy:Empress Maria Theresa and Joseph II• Austria was difficult to rule

because of many different nationalities, languages, religions, and cultures.

• Empress Maria Theresa tried to centralize & strengthen power of Empire.



http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria




Austria’s Monarchy:Empress Maria Theresa and Joseph II• Did not listen to

philosophes but tried to alleviate conditions of serfs.

• Joseph II embraced enlightenment reforms.



http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria




Joseph II’s Reforms

• Abolished serfdom.• Eliminated death penalty• Equality of all before the

law• Enacted religious

reforms• Tolerant of religions




Joseph II’s Reforms

• Reforms largely failed. • Alienated powerful allies

by his reforms.• Serfs were unhappy

because the changes were too sudden.




Russia: Catherine the Great

• Was skeptical of enlightenment reforms.

• Considered a code that recognized people under the equality of law.




Russia: Catherine the Great

• Didn’t adopt reforms because she knew that her success depended on support of Russian nobility.

• Survived rebellion and expanded Russia’s territory.




Enlightened Absolutism

• European monarchs were guided by concern for the power and well-being of the state not necessarily reforms.

• Philosophes condemned war as a waste of life and resources.

• European states did not listen and were guided by rulers who were guided by their own self-interests.

Impact of of Enlightened Reforms on Rulers - Review

• Prussia: reforms had little effect and very limited and had no effort on rigid social order.

• Austria:Austria: reforms largely failed.

• Russia: appeared receptive but in the end did nothing.

War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748

• Prussia, France, against Austria Prussia, France, against Austria and Britain.and Britain.

• War was fought in Europe, Asia, and North America.

• Peace treaty guaranteed the return of all occupied territories except Silesia to original owners.

The Seven Year’s War• New Alliances: France,

Austria, and Russia (France and Austria were traditional enemies).

• Britain joined Prussia.• Considered a diplomatic

revolution.

The Seven Year’s War• War in Europe:

• Known as Great War for Europe.• Russians withdrew from war.• War ended in 1763.• All occupied territories were returned

to original owners. • Austria recognizes Prussia’s control

over Silesia.

The Seven Year’s War• War in India:

• War in India was fought between the French and British with the British winning through perseverance.

• Britain gained control of India.

The Seven Year’s War• War in North America:

• Known as the French and Indian War.

• France had a smaller population but a larger army and they were allied with most Native American tribes.

The Seven Year’s War• Treaty of Paris of 1763:

• Britain controlled Canada and all lands east of Mississippi River.

• Spanish Florida was given to Britain. • France gave Louisiana Territory to

Spain.• Britain becomes greatest colonial

power.

Section 4: American Revolution• After the Seven Year’s War Britain

was in debt. • Britain needed new revenue to

cover war costs so they turned to their colonies.

• Several acts of protest caused colonies to seek their independence.

American Revolution• On July 4th 1776, the 2nd

Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence.

• Going to war was a huge gamble for the English colonies.

• English colonies had support from France, Spain, and the Netherlands.



http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/declara4.html

Section 4: American Revolution• France recognized American

independence after the Battle of Saratoga.

• British forces surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia, in effect ending the war.

• Treaty of Paris gave the English colonies their independence and all land east of Mississippi River.

The Birth of a Nation

• The 13 colonies became 13 states scared of concentrated power.

• Created a government called the Articles of Confederation which granted state rights over a strong central government.


• Do to the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation, American leaders met at what became known as the Constitutional Convention.


• Founding fathers proposed a federal system where states and national government share power.

• Created a separation of powers with 3 branches of government.

• Created a Bill of Rights to ensure passage of the new government called the Constitution.

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Chapter 17: Revolution and Enlightenment 1550-1800