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CHAPTER 17
THE JAZZ AGE(1921 - 1929)
16.4 – ELECTION OF 1920
DEMOCRATS• P – James M. Cox
• VP – Franklin Roosevelt
• Ignored Wilson’s advice to focus on the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations
REPUBLICANS• P – Warren Harding
• VP – Calvin Coolidge
• “Return to normalcy”- simpler days prior to the Progressive Movement
• Won in a landslide
• People wanted an end to labor unrest, violence, economic problems, racial tension…..thought Harding could provide these things
Warren G. Harding
17.1 – POLITICS OF THE 1920sHarding’s administration was plagued by scandals….Ohio Gang was
less than perfect (see graphic organizer)
Sold jobs
Sold pardons
Teapot Dome
SOLD MEDICAL SUPPLIES
Bribery
17.1 – CALVIN COOLIDGE• Harding died in 1923 and
Coolidge became president
• Disgusted with the corruption (forced Daugherty to resign)
• CC believed that prosperity relied on business leadership, gov’t should interfere very little
• Easily won the election of 1924
Calvin Coolidge
17.1 – CHANGES TO THE ECONOMY
• 3 goals: balance the budget, reduce national debt, cut taxes
• Created the Bureau of the Budget (unified the federal budget) and the General Accounting Office (GAO – tracks spending)– Cut spending; budget fell by more
than half
• Lowered taxes– Believed lower taxes would increase
spending, investment, employment….; lead to an actual increase in tax revenue (supply-side economics)
ANDREW MELLON – S. of the Treasury
17.1 – CHANGES TO THE ECONOMY
• Wanted to balance gov’t regulation w/ cooperative individualism– Businesses would share/work
with government– Reduce costs, promote economic
efficiency
• Created the Bureau of Aviation and the Federal Radio Commission to help promote and regulate both industries
• Obama’s cabinet
HERBERT HOOVER – S. of Commerce
17.2 – A GROWING ECONOMY(A lot of things were changing in the ‘20s)
Automobile
17.2 – A GROWING ECONOMY
Radio
17.2 – A GROWING ECONOMY
Higher WagesShorter work weeks
17.3 – A CLASH OF VALUES
See your photo essay for this section
17.4 – CULTURAL INNOVATIONS
You are responsible for this section on your own
17.5 – AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE
• Great Migration – thousands moved from rural South to northern cities during WWI and the ‘20s
- massive demographic/social impact on the country - examples???
• Harlem became the center of an AA renaissance – Art, racial pride, political
organization– This development of AA arts and
culture became known as the Harlem Renaissance
17.5 – WRITERS
Claude McKay:- Harlem Shadows
(poetry)- 1st important writer
of the HR- Defiance, contempt
for racism
Zora Neale Hurston:- Jonah’s Gourd Vine
and Their Eyes Were Watching God
- described rural AA culture
- women as main characters
Langston Hughes: - writing emphasized
racial pride- I, Too, Sing America
17.5 – JAZZ, BLUES & THEATER
• Louis Armstrong introduced an early form of jazz– Great cornet and trumpet soloist– Revolutionized jazz and music in
general– Cover of TIME magazine in 1949
• Duke Ellington – bandleader, influenced by ragtime– Wrote a ton of music– Started at the Cotton Club
Louis Armstrong
Duke Ellington
17.5 – JAZZ, BLUES & THEATER
• In addition to jazz, blues became very popular – Blues is seen as soulful,
emotional– Evolved from AA spirituals– Bessie Smith was the “Empress of
the Blues”
• Along with music, theater arts were also a major part of the HR– Shuffle Along made its Broadway
debut in 1921– Famous performers included
Paul Robeson and Josephine Baker
Paul Robeson
17.5 – POLITICS
• A march by AA veterans of WWI through Manhattan to Harlem represented new hopes/aspirations
• as a result of the Great Migration AAs became a more powerful voting bloc in the north
• Usually voted for Republicans (party of Abraham Lincoln)
• Oscar DePriest – first AA representative in Congress from a northern State (Illinois)
17.5 – POLITICS
• NAACP – focused on influencing public officials and working through the courts
• Efforts decrease lynching (Senate defeated a bill to outlaw it)
• Growing power of the NAACP seen in the defeat of John Parker’s appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court
17.5 – POLITICS• NAACP fought for political and
economic power, others fought for black nationalism and black pride– Separate from white society?
• Marcus Garvey– “Negro Nationalism”– Established the Universal Negro
Improvement Association– AAs could gain advances by
educating themselves; should separate from whites
– Go to Africa?– Some AAs did not like him; too
radical, insulted them…– Back to Africa movement never
became a reality, but he had a lasting impact on black prideMarcus Garvey
