Chapter 18 Endocrine System

Endocrine System

Anatomy and Physiology Review

• Hypothalamus• Pituitary glands• Gonads• Adrenal glands• Thyroid gland• Parathyroid gland• Pancreas

Hormone-Receptor Binding

Positive and Negative Feedback System

Negative Feedback• Gland X releases hormone X this stimulates target cells to

release hormone Y• When there is an excess of hormone Y gland X senses this and

inhibits it release of hormone X

Hypothalamus

Endocrine Glands: Adrenal Glands• Adrenal cortex—mineralocorticoids (aldosterone),

corticosteroids (cortisol)• Adrenal medulla—catecholamines (norepinephrine and

epinephrine)

Thyroid Gland • Control of metabolism• Calcium and phosphorus balance

Parathyroid Gland• Parathyroid hormone (PTH)• Calcium• Phosphorous

Pancreas

Assessment Methods• Patient history

• Nutrition history

• Family history

• Genetic risk

• Current health problems

Assessment Methods • Current health problems including any changes in:• Energy levels• Elimination• Sexual and reproductive functions• Physical appearance

Physical Assessment• Examine for:• Prominent forehead or jaw• Round or puffy face• Dull or flat expression• Exophthalmos• Vitiligo• Abdominal Striae• Hirsutism

PalpationOnly gland that can be palpated

Laboratory Tests• Stimulation/suppression tests

• Assays• Allows for many different hormones to be analyzed at the same

time

• Urine tests• 24 hour

• Tests for glucose• HbA1C

• Imaging assessment

• Other diagnostic assessment• Needle biopsy

Review Chapter 18 Study Guide