Chapter 18A Force in the World

European Example

• After Civil War, Americans had little interest in foreign affairs

• In 1890’s began to look outward• Why?

• Imperialism- policy by which strong nations exert political, military, and economic control over weaker territories

Power of New Ideas

• Many thought there were many benefits to expansion overseas– White man’s burden- social Darwinism – Most powerful nations had large navies– New Markets • Why did the America’s need new markets

– Manifest Destiny-

• Imperialism would interest many- exerting control over other nations

Arguments against Expansion

• Most Americans were against expansion– Why?

• The U.S. was a Big Country• U.S. had been subject to foreign power

• Americans did support greater economic ties to foreign countries

Expansion

• Commodore Perry opens Japan in 1853 to American Trade

• Seward Purchases Alaska for 7.2 million in 1867

• President Monroe declares Monroe Doctrine- Europe should stay out of Americas

• Why?

Samoa

• Samoa had been used as a ship refueling station for years

• In 1872, wanted to become a U.S. protectorate – Why would they want this?

• Congress would refuse, but in 1889 would become protectorate anyway

Hawaii

• Hawaii was also a valuable refueling station located between the U.S. and Asia

• Many Americans already owned large estates in Hawaii and wanted it annexed to the U.S

• Didn’t want to pay tariffs in U.S. • Would overthrow Queen Liliuokalani• Annexed to the U.S. in 1898

The Splendid Little WarSection 2 page 257

• The U.S. took an interest in Cuba already in the early 1800’s

• Offered Spain 130 million for Cuba in1853• Spain rather see Cuba sunk

• Cuban patriots would revolt in 1895 after bad economic conditions

War Fever

• Valeriano Weyler was military commander in Cuba

• Convinced civilians were helping guerrilla fighters, put hundreds of thousands in detention camps

• 200,000 would die from starvation and disease

• Journalist Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst would report on events

• Yellow Journalism- would report gruesome details to attract readers. Some were exaggerated or untrue

• What did Hearst tell one of his reporters?

Causes of War

• Dupuy de Lome Letter- What was it

• The explosion of the Maine- Battleship in Havana Harbor exploded- Blamed it on the Spanish

• American Public now demanded war

• Congress would pass Teller Amendment. ??

Victory in Manila

• First battles would actually take place in Pacific• George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong• Trapped Spanish fleet in Manila Bay

• Sunk the fleet and seized the Philippines with the help of rebel Emilio Aguinaldo

Cuban Campaign

• Americans invade and attack outside Santiago

• TR and Rough Riders capture San Juan Hill and positions around the city

• Tenth Negro cavalry led by Pershing actually deserved most credit

• After Spanish fleet destroyed in Santiago Harbor city surrenders

Results• Only 400 American soldiers died in combat• Over 5,000 from disease• Spain agreed to stop fighting on August 12,

1898• Treaty of Paris gave Cuba independence, gave

Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S, and sells the Philippines for 20 million

• What should the U.S. do with its new territories

Debate Over Imperialism

• New overseas possessions could provide new markets and sites for Navel Bases

• Not all Agreed

• Anti-Imperialist League worked to stop the new territories from being annexed

U.S. and East AsiaSection 3

• Treaty of Paris Ratified in 1899• Filipinos did not want to trade Spanish Rule

for American Rule

• Filipino guerrilla begin attacking

• Took three years and over 7,000 casualties to end rebellion

• Aguinaldo’s our former ally lost over 20,000 men and 200,000 Filipino civilians killed

Involvement in Asia

• Americans would become very interested in trade with China

• Lots and lots of consumers• Chinese gov’t becoming weak• John Hay- we will not be discriminated against

in trade with Japan and China

China Policy

• Many in U.S. don’t want Chinese immigrants in U.S.

• Reasons:– Racial– Economic

• Chinese Exclusion Act- 1882, stopped immigration for ten years

• Many in China don’t want western influence– Will corrupt Chinese people – Can’t stop Westerners from coming in

• Spheres of influence- Britain, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan carve up China- control and have sole trading rights

• U.S. prefers Open Door Policy- all nations have equal trading rights

• Why???

Boxer Rebellion

• Chinese patriots- rebel, attack, and murder all foreigners they find- 1900

• European nations work together to put down rebellion

• Demand war reparations- money for damages

• After War, U.S. gets its open door policy

Opening Japan

• Commodore Mathew C. Perry steams into Japan in 1854

• Forced Japan open to trade• Japan realizes very behind Western

technology• Begin rapid industrialization and

westernization of country. – Ex. The Last Samurai

Russo-Japanese War

• Both Japan and Russia fighting for influence in Manchuria- large mineral rich part of China

• Japan destroys Russian fleet at Port Author• Attack Russians in Manchuria- kill over 100,000• Japan invades Russia- very successful• 1905- President Roosevelt calls in both sides– Portsmouth New Hampshire- convinces both to

withdraw• 1. didn’t want Japan to become too powerful• 2. Didn’t want open door policy in China to end

Roosevelt settles war

• 1905- President Roosevelt calls in both sides– Portsmouth New Hampshire- convinces both to

withdraw• 1. didn’t want Japan to become too powerful• 2. Didn’t want open door policy in China to end

– Also agreed to Gentlemen’s agreement- stop segregating schools in California if Japan limits immigration

Great White Fleet

• To protect economic interest• Show U.S. power in the world• Sent White fleet around the world on tour

Section4U.S. and Latin America

Cuba and Puerto Rico

• Cuba was in shambles after the war• No strong gov’t, thousands were starving, and

lots of crime• Teller Amendment the U.S. had agreed not to

take the Island over• U.S. would force Cuba to accept Platt

Amendment: • What did it say?

• Puerto Rico would become a U.S. territory

• There was no thought of bring independence

• Foraker Act: gave Puerto Rico some control, but still resented America

• Jones Act: Made Puerto Ricans American citizens

• Still part of U.S.

Big Stick Diplomacy

• Roosevelt would use force when American interest were challenged in Latin Am.

• Theodore Roosevelt had two goals for Latin America– 1. build canal across Panama– 2. Keep Europe out of Latin America

French Attempt

• French would attempt to build canal in 1880• Already had building experience from Suez

canal in Egypt• Swamps and diseases caused many problems• After thousands of deaths and a decade of

work, the French give up

• Surveyors wanted to build a canal across Nicaragua

• Fewer technical difficulties and San Juan River and lake Nicaragua left only 50 miles of actual canal to be built

• Congress passed a bill to build canal in Nicaragua, but France would offer to sell canal in Panama for 40 million

• Would agree to build canal in Panama• What did Buanau Varilla do to get Congres to

change its mind

Panama Revolution

• Columbia asks more money than U.s wants to pay

• Roosevelt supports panama revolution, sends warships

• It allowed U.S. to build canal

Building the canal

• William Gorgas wipes out malaria • 61 million pounds of dynamite used • Dynamite unpredictable due to heat• Many workers from around world• Cost U.S. 365 million dollars• 5,600 people died

Importance of the Canal

• Made transportation of goods quicker• Cut trip down by 8,000 • Upset many Latin Americans that U.S. had so

much control in area

Policing Latin America

• Monroe Doctrine- forbid establishment of new colonies in the Americans

• Roosevelt Corollary- stated U.S. was intervene in any Latin American country if threatened

• Under Corollary- U.S. would intervene in Cuba, Nicaragua, and Haiti

Dollar Diplomacy

• What is dollar diplomacy

• Taft sent marines into Nicaragua to back up dollar diplomacy

• Would try the same thing in Asia

Morals in Foreign Policy

• Wilson actually feared investment in Central American countries

• Would harm country by taking all profits• Declared in 1913 U.S. would not seek one

additional foot of territory by conquest

• Still would use force to protect investments

Mexican Revolution

• Dictator Porfirio Diaz ruler for 35 years and friend with U.S.

• He encouraged U.S. investment in Mexico• Americans owned 75% of Mexican resources

• Diaz was overthrown in 1911• Victoriano Huerto would take over• Wilson refused to recognize new government

• Wilson gives weapons to rebels in Mexico

• 1914 American sailors were arrested in Tampico

• Sailors let go, but U.S. demanded an apology and 21 gun salute of American Flag

• Huerta refused

• Huerta overthrown and Carranza would take over

• However, Poncho Villa began raiding U.S. to bring them into conflict

• After American deaths, Wilson ordered U.S. military under John J Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa

• Pershing never captured Villa but both sides would back off and work out differences peacefully