Chapter 18

John F. Kennedy• Elected president 1960• “New Frontier” – mind,

will and spirit of man• US prosperity not

reaching poor• First Catholic president,

youngest elected• Weakness in Southern

support• Supported Civil Rights

movement• Strong anti-communist

• CORE: Congress of Racial Equality dedicated to non-violent protest, strong effect on civil rights in years ahead

• Thurgood Marshall: Once denied admission to U of Maryland because of race, attacked “separate but equal”

Little Rock Nine

• 9 African-American students assigned to Little Rock’s Central HS in Arkansas to integrate. Caused uproar and National Guard had to escort them to school

Montgomery Bus Boycott• African-American

riders of public bus system in Alabama 1955 led by Martin Luther King, Jr. after Rosa Parks was arrested

• SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference organized protest activities across south. Open to all faiths and races

• Massive Resistance: policy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. on February 24, 1956 to unite other white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954.

• (questions)

• SNCC- Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee formed by sit-in leaders to conduct other non-violent protests

Freedom Riders• Members of CORE.

Group on a bus through South each stop African-Americans would go into white-only waiting rooms and try to use facilities. May 16, 1961 volunteer bus swarmed in Alabama. Firebombed and beat riders. No police help

• Civil Rights Act of 1964- Kennedy ended segregation in public accommodations (hotel, restaurants, theaters) outlawed voting requirements, discrimination in employment

• George Wallace- Gov. of Alabama June 1963 physically blocked black students from enrolling in University of Alabama (questions)

• 24th Amendment- August 1962, banned states from taxing citizens to vote for president and congressional seats (popular in South)

• Voter Education Project (VEP)- Registered Southern African-Americans to vote. Marchers for registration were attacked and faced strong opposition, routinely beaten and jailed. Success by 1964, VEP registered more than a ½ million

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party