Chapter 18 Chapter 18

Notes and DiscussionNotes and Discussion

The Reformation, 1350-1600: The Reformation, 1350-1600: Europe Divides Over Religion Europe Divides Over Religion

Spain Spain Charles V 1519-1556 (retired to monastery)Charles V 1519-1556 (retired to monastery)

Inherited a large empire- held lands in parts of France, Inherited a large empire- held lands in parts of France, The Netherlands, Austria and Germany, SpainThe Netherlands, Austria and Germany, Spain

Was a Hapsburg (Austria), but also the grandson of Was a Hapsburg (Austria), but also the grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella of SpainFerdinand and Isabella of Spain

Divine RightDivine RightPromoted intermarriage among royaltyPromoted intermarriage among royalty

Philip II (son)Philip II (son)used inquisition to suppress suspected protestantsused inquisition to suppress suspected protestants promoted Spanish Renaissancepromoted Spanish Renaissance

Royal Centralization 1500-1750Royal Centralization 1500-1750

Royal power in EuropeRoyal power in EuropeLimited the power of the church and subordinated Limited the power of the church and subordinated

the church to statethe church to stateEstablish stronger national institutions, made Establish stronger national institutions, made

uniform laws, common national languages and tore uniform laws, common national languages and tore down defensive fortification of nobles and down defensive fortification of nobles and independent citiesindependent cities

Church of EnglandAnglican Church

• Founded by Henry VIII • Left Catholic Church

– No heir to throne – Couldn’t get a

divorce

Declared the “Act of Declared the “Act of Supremacy” 1536 Supremacy” 1536

• Made himself head of Church, no pope

• Claimed all church lands for the throne

• Allowed divorce in special circumstances

• Church of England controlled its own finances

Henry wants a son…. England gets “reformed”

In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annulannul, or cancel, his marriage.

The pope refused Henry’s request.

Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England. Henry’s children…Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant reforms to England.

Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake.

Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between Protestants and Catholics.

Elizabethan Age (Golden Age) Elizabethan Age (Golden Age) 1558-16031558-1603

Commercial expansionCommercial expansionExploration and colonization in the New world after Exploration and colonization in the New world after

defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588Muscovy Company (first joint stock company) and British Muscovy Company (first joint stock company) and British

East India Company formedEast India Company formed Sir Francis Drake Sir Francis Drake

Circumnavigated the globeCircumnavigated the globe Roanoke colony (Virginia)Roanoke colony (Virginia)

First English settlement in AmericaFirst English settlement in America William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare

Wrote his masterpiecesWrote his masterpieces

England After ElizabethEngland After Elizabeth James I came to power in 1607James I came to power in 1607

Reign that brought together the crowns of Reign that brought together the crowns of England and ScotlandEngland and Scotland

TimelineTimelineCharles I came to power in 1625Charles I came to power in 1625Tension with the parliament led to an English Tension with the parliament led to an English

Civil war in 1641. King was captures, tried, and Civil war in 1641. King was captures, tried, and executedexecuted

Oliver Cromwell (puritan) came to power and Oliver Cromwell (puritan) came to power and ruled as a Lord Protector of the English ruled as a Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth Commonwealth

TimelineTimeline Stuart restoration 1660-1688 Charles II comes to powerStuart restoration 1660-1688 Charles II comes to power James II brother of Charles takes overJames II brother of Charles takes over

Believed in Divine RightBelieved in Divine RightHe was openly catholic, intolerant, and unpopularHe was openly catholic, intolerant, and unpopular

Glorious Revolution 1688Glorious Revolution 1688Bloodless change of leadership, driven out by the Bloodless change of leadership, driven out by the

Paliament and replaced with William and Mary (son-Paliament and replaced with William and Mary (son-in-law and daughter) and protestant leaders of the in-law and daughter) and protestant leaders of the NetherlandsNetherlands

Signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689Signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689Ensured that future English Monarchs would be Ensured that future English Monarchs would be

Anglican Anglican with limited powerswith limited powers

Absolutism Vs ConstitutionalismAbsolutism Vs Constitutionalism

AbsolutismAbsolutismAbsence of any constitutional check on ruler’s Absence of any constitutional check on ruler’s

powerpowerPalace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles

Required nobles to attend king Louis XIV’s court and kept Required nobles to attend king Louis XIV’s court and kept them occupied and away from real politicsthem occupied and away from real politics

Symbolized triumph over the rights of nobilitySymbolized triumph over the rights of nobility

ConstitutionalismConstitutionalismSpecified limits to ruler’s powerSpecified limits to ruler’s power

The Protestant Reformation

• During the 1500s reformers called for changed that would unleash forces that would shatter Christian unity.

• The movement is known as the Protestant Reformation.• wants change or protests wants change or protests

the practices of the Catholic Church.” the practices of the Catholic Church.” Why? MainlyWhy? Mainly

Pope Leo XPope Leo X Authorized the selling of Indulgences (forgiveness of Authorized the selling of Indulgences (forgiveness of

punishment)punishment) Prayer, pilgrimage, donation to churchPrayer, pilgrimage, donation to church

The Teachings of Martin Luther German monk started the German monk started the

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation Rejected Pope’s authorityRejected Pope’s authority Rejected selling of indulgencesRejected selling of indulgences

• Salvation is achieved through faith alone.

• The Bible is the sole source of religious truth.

• All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible.

3

1. Many clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption.

2. German princes hoped to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor.

3. Germans supported Luther because of feelings of national loyalty.

4. Peasants hoped that Luther would support social and economic change.

Why did Luther Receive Why did Luther Receive Widespread Support?Widespread Support?

Calvinist Beliefs

1. Salvation through faith alone faith alone

2. Bible as only source 3. God decides fate from

conception; there is an elect or chosen: Predestination Predestination

4.4. Why? People are Why? People are sinful by nature, sinful by nature, imperfect people can imperfect people can not choose God, God not choose God, God must choose! must choose!

5. Stressed hard work, discipline, honesty, and morality

6. Banned swearing, dancing, provocative dress, fighting

7. Also nono drinking or gambling

8. Like Luther wanted Christian education for boys and girls

Widespread Persecution

1. In some places, Jews were forced to live in ghettos

2. expelled from Christian lands and their books and synagogues were burned.

3. After Jews rejected his Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther wrote several anti-Semitic articles.

4

Map of Jewish expulsions and Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas in Europe. resettlement areas in Europe.

1100-1500. 1100-1500.

Reform Brings Witch Hunts….

CausesCausesDisasters such as crop Disasters such as crop

failures could be construed failures could be construed as punishment for sin or as as punishment for sin or as due to evil magic. due to evil magic.

a violent reaction to the a violent reaction to the social tensions, rural poverty social tensions, rural poverty and environmental strains. and environmental strains.

Tried over hundred thousand Tried over hundred thousand people (3/4 were women)people (3/4 were women)

How will the Church Respond?

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

To accomplish these goals, he:

1.Strengthened the Inquisition

2.Called the Council of Trent to establish the direction that reform should focus on.

3.Established the Jesuits, to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.

Pope Paul IIIPope Paul III

Council of Trent Reforms1545-1563

The Council affirmed the following beliefs:

• Salvation through faith & goods works

• Only the Church could explain the Bible

• Tradition is a source of religious truth, not only the Bible

• Pope is the highest and final authority on earth

• The Inquisition, church court tried heretic – old news

• censored all censored all Protestant texts Protestant texts

• Destroyed and/or burned all books of the reformers

• Some heretics burned at the stake

The Inquisition

Effects of the Reformation1. End of all religious unity in Europe

2. Founding of many new religious faiths

3. Strengthening of monarchs over church authority in some areas of Europe

4. Wide-spread literacy and parochial schools

5. Increased hatred for the Jews or anti-semitism increases across Europe

6. Legacy of wonderful cultural creations

The Scientific Revolution

1500-1800 Ptolemy.gif

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Scientific revolutionScientific revolutionDemonstrated that the workings of the universe Demonstrated that the workings of the universe

could be explained by natural causescould be explained by natural causesEnlightenmentEnlightenment

Intellectual movement which assumed that social Intellectual movement which assumed that social behavior and institutions were governed by behavior and institutions were governed by scientific lawscientific law

John LockeJohn LockeRulers derive their power from the consent of the Rulers derive their power from the consent of the

people, if the monarchs overstepped, citizens have people, if the monarchs overstepped, citizens have the duty to rebelthe duty to rebel

Classical and Medieval Views of the Universe

The Earth-centered Universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy held sway on Western thinking for almost 2000 years.

Geocentric Theory:

The sun and all the planets revolve around the earth.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

Worked in secrecy for 30 years to avoid persecution or imprisonment

He rejected the Geocentric Theory: The sun and all the planets

revolve around the earth. Accepted the Heliocentric Theory: The sun is the center of the

universe; all planets revolve around it.

Copernicus

Johannes Johannes KeplerKepler, 1571-1630, 1571-1630

Kepler uses mathematics to demonstrate the validity of Copernicus’ heliocentric system

He shows there is a mathematical order to the planets

But at changing speeds and in ellipses, not at a constant speed and in circles as Copernicus believed

Kepler's Laws

Galileo Galilei, Galileo Galilei, (1564-1642)(1564-1642)Created a stir with

his Laws of Motion

Dropped objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa

Light objects fall at the same speed as heavy objects…

Church Opposition Galileo and the RevChurch Opposition Galileo and the RevolutionolutionNew ideas seen as

a threat to church beliefs, doctrines and traditions Church used intimidation, threats to his family and he is put under house arrest for the rest of his life

After recanting some of his views, Galileo helped to establish the universal laws of physics

New Ways of New Ways of ThinkingThinking

•English philosopher Francis Bacon helped to develop the scientific method

•Scientific truth is not assumed but instead deduced from observations and experiments

Francis Bacon

Philosophers Philosophers Support the Support the Revolution Revolution

Very critical of the social conditions in England.

Bacon believed science could make people’s lives better!

Encouraged scientist to experiment, experiment, and more experiments!

Sir Francis Bacon

Sir Isaac Newton, Sir Isaac Newton, (1642-1727)(1642-1727)•Newton developed a

systematic explanation of physical laws based on the findings and theories of the Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo

•His findings explained the movement of the planets with the laws of gravity and inertia

•Knighted in 1705 by Queen Anne

1687 Principia published at his own expense

The universe operates like a giant clock, all parts work together perfectly according to strict scientific laws

God was the creator that set everything in motion

Mathematical Achievements• Englishman Isaac

Newton in his work Principia, offered a new understanding of the universe

• Stated Newton’s theory of universal gravitation; to prove his theory he developed calculus

• precise mathematical formulas could be used to describe an orderly universe

Investigating the Human Body

• English scientist Robert Hooke, using a microscope, discovered the cell

Red Blood Cells

Despite new medical discoveries, many doctors still practiced old ways.

Most sick people could not afford to see a trained physician. Instead, they consulted midwives who assisted with childbirths and made herbal remedies to treat illnesses.

• Minor surgeries were not done in the hospital but at the local barbershop.

• Barber-surgeons used the same sharp instruments to cut hair as they did to lance boils, remove warts, extract teeth, and blood-let. Blood-letting is the ancient practice of draining blood out of a person to rid the body of poisons.

•

Society and the environmentSociety and the environment Struggle for foodStruggle for food Reason include wars, natural disasters, and short Reason include wars, natural disasters, and short

growing season brought by the little ice agegrowing season brought by the little ice age Slight drop in temperaturesSlight drop in temperatures

DeforestationDeforestation High consumption due to heating, construction, High consumption due to heating, construction,

buildings etc.buildings etc. England, deforestation led to an increase use of coal England, deforestation led to an increase use of coal

as an alternative resourceas an alternative resource Urban social classUrban social class Great disparity between the wealthy few and the poorGreat disparity between the wealthy few and the poor Bourgeoisie (wealthy town dwellers) thrived in Bourgeoisie (wealthy town dwellers) thrived in

manufacturing finance, and trademanufacturing finance, and trade In 1750, most Europeans rural or poor lived in povertyIn 1750, most Europeans rural or poor lived in poverty