CHAPTER 19

The Enlightenment

Scientific Revolution

1. Identify a PROBLEM or Question2. Form a HYPOTHESIS that can be

testedA proposed answer to the question

3. Perform EXPERIMENTS to test Hypothesis

4. RECORD Results5. Analyze the results and form a

CONCLUSION

ENLIGHTENMENT – The Age of Reason

Reason can solve all problems Problems of the world can be

solved by educated people! Spread new ideas about Science,

Art, Society Coffeehouses & Public Spaces to

debate new ideas Writers published ideas in books

magazines and pamphlets SALONS: social gatherings to bring

together philosophers, artists, scientists, writers to discuss ideas

?

Read Summaries on Enlightenment Thinkers with your Group

Fill in the enlightenment thinker chart with your group

Try to assess which type of government (monarchy, republic, democracy, dictatorship, etc) each thinker would prefer

(we’ll take notes after so don’t worry if you’re not sure)

Thomas Hobbes

LEVIATHAN Leviathan – massive sea

monster PEOPLE NEEDED

GOVERNMENT TO IMPOSE ORDER IN EXCHANGE FOR PEACE, SAFETY, AND ORDER

SOCIAL CONTRACT: exchange of freedom for peace/order

Absolute Monarchy

SAFETY

RIGHTS

“Those who would

trade in their

freedom for their

protection deserve neither.”

John Locke

TWO TREATISES ON GOVERNMENT

All people were born with equal rights to life, liberty, and property

GOVERNMENT WAS TO PROTECT PEOPLE’S RIGHTS Monarchs not chosen by god People have to consent to

be governed Representative government

(like Parliament – limit who can be a representative)

Divine

Right

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

THE SOCIAL CONTRACT People born good, society

corrupted people People are all equal,

government should work for the benefit of the common good, not for the wealthy few

GOVERNMENT UNITES PEOPLE IN HARMONY, CITIZENS MUST BE ACTIVELY INVOLVED

Direct Democracy (like a polis – the people vote on everything)

Man is born free,

and everywhere he is in chains

Baron de Montesquieu

THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS

Best form of government divided powers among separate branches of government

Separation of powers allowed each government to check against the others

Republican Democracy (the people elect leaders to make the decisions)

Adam Smith

THE WEALTH OF NATIONS

Believed economic activities should take place in a free market

LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS: “leave alone” or “hands off” economic system works without government regulation

The American Revolution

By the mid 1770s, Americans had formed their own identity separate from England

Seven Years War (French & Indian War) kicked the French out of the colonies, but England was in debt Who should pay for the war that helped the British

Colonists?? STAMP ACT: required Americans to pay a tax

for an official stamp on: Newspapers Legal documents Public papers

Tensions rise in the colonies

Colonists boycotted English goods in protest of the Stamp Act English repealed the law!

1767: Colonists paid significantly less in taxes than Englishmen did New Taxes: Glass, paper, paints, tea Colonists boycotted English goods,

including Tea British sent in troops to keep order

1770: BOSTON MASSACRE Troops shot and killed five men British repealed most of the taxes – not

the one on TEA

What is the point of

view of the artist?

Is he/she biased?

Tensions continue to rise

1773: SONS OF LIBERTY led by Sam Adams & Paul

Revere BOSTON TEA PARTY:

dressed up as natives and dumped hundreds of crates into Boston Harbor

British closed Boston Harbor (bad for Boston and colonies)

Passed the INTOLERABLE ACTS: limited freedom of colonists Silversmith in BostonGraduate of Harvard

No taxation without

representation

Colonists Respond!

1774: The FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS called in Philadelphia! List grievances in response to Intolerable Acts

Sons of liberty expected war and hid weapons in the countryside around Boston, prepared signals if British were coming

April, 1775: hundreds of British troops marched out of Boston towards Lexington and Concord to find weapons

LEXINGTON & CONCORD: British confronted Colonists, shots fired, WAR BEGINS!

One if by land, two if by sea!

The British are coming!

Revolutionary War

COMMON SENSE by Thomas Paine argued we had matured enough we no longer needed British rule

1776: SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS Formed a committee to formally declare our

independence John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin all

familiar with Enlightenment ideas DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE – July 4,

1776 Influenced by the Enlightenment and the English Bill of

Rights

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by

their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among

these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to

secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men,

deriving their just powers from the consent of the

governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes

destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new

Government

Look back through your notes. Which

Enlightenment thinkers and ideas influenced the writing of the Declaration

of Independence

REVOLUTIONARY WAR: fight for independence

2nd Continental Congress assigned GEORGE WASHINGTON (hero of the 7 Years War) as commanding general of the continental army

British defeated in Boston, but beat the Colonists in Long Island

Washington surprised attacked the Brits on Christmas night by CROSSING THE DELAWARE

Brits defeated the Continental army at the Battle of Brandywine, US retreated toward Philadelphia and wintered at VALLEY FORGE

The Americans looked to the French and Prussians for help against the Brits

In September, 1781, the Americans and French surrounded the British army under Lord Cornwallis in YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA Cornwallis surrendered to Washington on October

19 September 1783 the British signed the TREATY OF

PARIS setting the American colonies free ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION: first

government approved in 1781 Deliberately created a weak central government (to

be as opposite to a king as possible) No tax, no army

Articles of Confederation: FAIL The Articles were a failure – the states couldn’t

pay off debts, no single currency made trade difficult, the US couldn’t defend itself without an army

1787: CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION met in Philadelphia to revise the articles: instead they threw them out George Washington presided over convention but

remained mostly silent James Madison and Alexander Hamilton created a

constitution that was comprised of many compromises

Our Constitution

FEDERAL SYSTEM: a federal government has certain powers, others are reserved for the states

Federal government was divided into three powers EXECUTIVE: president – carries out laws JUDICIARY: courts – interprets the laws LEGISLATIVE: congress – makes the laws

Senate: Upper House (each state has 2) House of Representatives: Lower House (proportional to

size) BILL OF RIGHTS: protected individual rights like

speech, press, religion, equality under the law 1st 10 amendments

Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly petition

1st Amendment

Right to keep and bear arms

2nd Amendment

No quartering (housing) of soldiers

3rd Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

4th Amendment

Right from self-incrimination & double jeopardy

5th Amendment

Right to a speedy and public trial

6th Amendment

Right to trial by jury

7th Amendment

Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment & excessive bail

8th Amendment

Any rights not listed here does not mean they don’t exist (unenumerated rights)

9th Amendment

Any power not given to the Federal Government in the constitution goes to the states

10th Amendment

Look back at your notes…

What did the four Enlightenment thinkers say that appealed to American Colonists?

Locke: Natural Rights – life, liberty, property The People must consent to be governed

Rousseau: Government exists with permission from The People Government should protect rights of people

Montesquieu Powers must be separated for Checks and Balances

Form a "Salon” or “Coffee House”

What is the role of the administration at Avon Grove?

What SHOULD the role of our admin be? What is the role of the teachers? What SHOULD the role of the teachers be? Can you apply any enlightenment ideas that would

enhance or better our system here at school? We have natural rights – WHAT ARE THEY AS

STUDENTS? Government’s job is to protect our rights Separation of powers Power derived from the people