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Chapter 19
Protest and Reform
Print Technology
http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/gutenberg/html/2a.html
Medieval scriptorium: During the Middle Ages, manuscript books were produced by monks who worked with pen and ink in a copying room known as a scriptorium. Even a small book could take months to complete, and a book the size of the Bible could take several years.
Johannez Gutenberg1400-1468
http://www.uh.edu/engines/printer.jpg
A modern recreation of Gutenberg's type.
http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/gutenberg/html/4b.html
Food for Thought
•What are the effects of printing?
(Fiero 467)
Christian Humanism
Italian Renaissance
Northern Renaissance
Humanism Christian Humanism
Studied classical/secular texts
Studied early Christian manuscripts
Erasmus •1466-1536•The Prince of Humanistshttp://smith2.sewanee.edu/erasmus
/holberas.jpeg
•The Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther John Calvin •The English Reformation: Henry VIII•The Catholic Reformation: Council of Trent Loyola: the Jesuits
The Protestant Reformation
Thomas a Kempis• 1380-1471• Wrote Imitatio Christi (Imitation o
f Christ)• Devotio moderna (modern devoti
on)• Lay Brothers and Sisters of the Co
mmon Life
Martin Luther •1483-1546
•1517: Ninety-Five Theses
http://www.covenanter.org/Luther/luther.jpg
Questions
•(1) Why did he break with Rome?•(2) Why did large numbers of
Germans rally to his cause?•(3) Why did German princes
decide to establish Lutheran religious practices within their territories?
Causes (1)•Church corruption: selling indulgences appointing one’s relatives to
offices bishops pursuing personal
wealth the clergy’s sexual indulgence
Causes (2)•Theological disputes: Augustinian over Thomistic predestination good wor
ks justification by faith alone
Luther’s Three Premises
•(1) justification by faith •(2) the primacy of Scripture
•(3) the priesthood of all believers
Effects (1)•In 1521, the Diet of Worms declared Luther a heretic, but Frederick the Wise took Luther under his wings.
Effects (2)•Luther gained the support of the German populace because of their fervent nationalism.
Effects (3)•A great number of German princes supported Luther because they were in search of state sovereignty.
Social Ideology: Conservatism
Against peasants’ revolts: • “[Anyone] who can be proved to be a
seditious person is an outlaw before God and the emperor; and whoever is the first to put him to death does right and well.”
• “[Baptism] does not make men free in body and property, but in soul . . .”
--From Against the Thievish, Murderous Hordes of Peasants (1525)
Social Ideology: Conservatism
Against the Jews:• “First, their synagogues or churches sh
ould be set on fire . . . . Secondly, their homes should likewise be broken down and destroyed . . . . Thirdly, they should be deprived of their prayerbooks and Talmuds in which such idolatry, lies, cursing and blasphemy are taught . . . .”
• From On the Jews and Their Lies (1543)
John Calvin 1509-1564Differences from Luther:
1. advocated aggressive Christian conduct2. more legalistic; closer to an OT faith
3. insisted on eliminating all traces of church hierarchy and keeping the barest simplicity in church services.
Calvin’s Geneva• A theocratic government: Elders of the Calvinist church
governed the city and imposed strict discipline in dress, sexual mores, church attendance, and business affairs; they severely punished irreligious and sinful behavior.
Spread of Protestantism
Spread of Protestantism
•1520s: Lutheranism became state religion in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
•1534: England broke with Rome
Spread of Protestantism
•1541: Geneva adopted theocratic government based on Calvinism.
•1540-1560s: Calvinism spread to Scotland, England, Netherlands, and France
The English Reformation
Henry VIII• 1509-1547• Political considerations, not
theological differences: Broke with Rome because the pope refused to annul his first marriage.
• 1534: In the Act of Supremacy, the parliament declared him supreme head of the Church of England.
Elizabeth I• 1558-1603• 1559: the Elizabethan
compromise 1) In favor of Protestantism 2) Retained church
government by bishops
The Catholic Reformation
The Counter-Reformation
1534-90 Counter-Reformation popes
1534 Loyola founded the Jesuits
1545-63 Council of Trent1564 Index of Prohibited
Books
Council of Trent
1) to reform the church: Unified church doctrine Abolished corruption Confirmed papal authority
Council of Trent
2) to confront the Protestant challenge:
Insisted on the integration of both faith and good works in the process of salvation. Emphasized spiritual renewal through faith, prayer, and religious ceremony.
Sterner Means of Control• The Inquisition: the church court dealing
with heretics• Censorship: Index of Prohibited Books
Ignatius Loyola 1491- 1556
Founded the Society of Jesus,
or the Jesuits
The Jesuits1) Took an oath of strict
obedience to the pope2) Espoused a life of active
service in the world3) Committed to education
and missionary work
The End