Upload
jae-kim
View
231
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 1/26
The Emergency
Preparedness of St. Jude
College Manila: An
Assessment for Program
Development
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 2/26
Chapter 1
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
There is a rich multidisciplinary tradition that assesses and examines risk,
hazards and emergency situations. Progress towards a comprehensive, empirical
understanding of emergency situation vulnerability inputs and processes, especially
related to hazard events and outcomes has grown in breadth and depth within the last
decades. Add to this knowledge a growing understanding of the drivers and dynamics of
global environmental change - and more specifically of climate change impacts and
nature related hazard events.
People make decisions every day, but decision-making in an emergency
situation is unique and has great implications for individuals, communities and society at
large. Various emergency situations that happened in our country clearly demonstrated
the need for sound planning, swift execution and efficient accountability; but ultimately
the negative consequences people experienced in this (as in any) emergency situations
were conditioned by their awareness, perceptions of risk and their vulnerability, and how
these factors influenced their ability to mak e and carry out decisions,
clearly reflecting that these decisions are the products of complex interactions between
individuals, their communities, their surroundings and the natural environment itself.
Our country lies along the Western Pacific Basin which makes us vulnerable in
experiencing various kinds of natural disasters and calamities such as monsoons,
thunderstorms, inter-tropical convergence zones (ITCZ), typhoons) making it a path of
an average of 20 tropical cyclones annually. Also we experience major earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and drought and numerous landslides. Despite of the efforts of thegovernment to increase public awareness and involvement in measures to minimize the
impact of disasters it seems that our country is still suffering and not fully prepared yet
and capable in disaster response
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 3/26
By its location in the tropics, the Philippines are found to be naturally vulnerable
to environmental disasters. This situation plus other human and developmental factors
compound communities' incapacity to cope with such disaster
The vulnerability of communities to hazards refers to their susceptibility to andcapacity to cope with environmental stresses. Recent and major events as well as their
cumulative impacts highlight the importance of identifying the vulnerability levels of
certain areas and segments of the Philippine population to collective hazards that form
disasters.(Center for Environmental Geomatics).
This paper reviews the capability and management of Saint Jude College to
emergency preparedness and response. It is said that, all school-based emergency
response plans should be based on the four phases of emergency management whichare mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. These four phases are needed
for strong, effective and comprehensive emergency preparedness and response plan.
Background of the Study
Due to catastrophes that have happened in different parts of the world recently,
having emergency awareness and preparedness in schools and institutions all the more
becomes crucial and relevant. And in a country such as the Philippines where typhoons,
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and other forms of catastrophes are very
common, highly populated areas such as schools and institutions are at a great risk.
Manila is considered as a city with high hazard and high vulnerability. The
proximity to the active fault line, increasing vulnerable constructions, rapid urbanization,
inadequate planning and population expansion, and increasing informal settlements in
the form of slums or squatter encroaching near the hazardous areas pose a great threat
to the community. The City of Manila consists of 897 Barangays with estimated
population is 1.8 million as of 2010 National Census. There were three major disastrous
events that happened in the City of Manila with significant effects to human lives and
properties. These were the earthquake on July 14, 1990, Tropical Storm “Ondoy”
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 4/26
(Ketsana) on September 26, 2009 that caused severe flooding, and a number fires in
heavy populated areas. In the occurrence of disasters in the City of Manila, the
community,especially the marginalized groups are the most affected.
Awareness and preparedness is always the best tool one can have in facing
emergency situations. To be able to fully prepare both students and teachers, education
and training are essential. The responsibility of preparing the school and institution lies
on every member of the specific population and determined by the level of awareness
and preparedness of such community. Each must make sure that in the event of a
catastrophe, the loss of life is at the very least minimal.
With advances in technology and communication, tracking emergency situations
have been easier than before. And supplemented with research studies regarding
awareness and emergency preparedness, the knowledge of what could possibly
happen around us makes it imperative for us that we strive for ourselves to be aware,
prepared, face and conquer emergency events.
Statement of the problem:
This study will determine the differences between Saint Jude College Manila‟s
students and personnel with regards to their preparedness during emergency situations.
This study seeks to answer the following questions.
1.What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of their:
1.1.Educational attainment,
1.2.Occupation,
1.3.Age,
1.4.Stay in SJC?
2.What are the emergency preparation of SJC during the following situation:
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 5/26
2.1.Earthquake,
2.2.Fire,
2.3.Flood,
2.4.Terrorism?
3.How SJC students and SJC personnel will respond to the following situation:
3.1. Earthquake,
3.2. Fire,
3.3. Flood,
3.4. Terrorism?
4. Is there any significant difference on the preparation during emergency between the
student and personnel of SJC?
Hypothesis
The researchers have postulated the hypothesis:
There is no significant difference on the preparation during emergency situation
between the student and personnel of SJC.
Significance of the study:
This study aims to determine the differences on the preparation between the
students and SJC personnel during emergency situation. The result of this study will be
significant to the following groups:
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 6/26
Students. To be aware of the risks, hazards, and vulnerabilities when it comes to
possible emergency events and as well be active in learning to adapt and function well
during situations that warrants emergency preparedness.
Personnel of Saint Jude College.
Administration. To identify and evaluate the current SJC emergency preparedness
and disaster plan in order to further strengthen early warning and preparedness system
and reduce impact of natural disaster.
Future researcher. To be used as a further research material.
Theoretical Framework
Risk Perception and Vulnerability
The theory of Risk Perception and Vulnerability by Smit and Wandel is one which
incorporates the community in identifying risk and vulnerability in current and future
situations. Stakeholder and community engagement is highlighted in the theory as a
point of emphasis and as a means of improving „„adaptive capacity.‟‟ Adaptive capacityrefers to the collective adaptability, coping capacity and resilience of a population. Smit
refers to this framework as a „„bottom-up‟‟ approach, involving key community
stakeholders in a process to implement changes that are relevant to the community.
In addition, the framework calls for identifying current exposures, sensitivities
and future adaptive capacity to understand issues a particular community might be
confronted with and then employing various methods to operationalize
the constructs in the theory. Such data collection has the advantage of qualitatively
illustrating the complex interaction between communities and risk perception and
decision-making.
In addition, implementation of any strategy for enhancing adaptive capacity
should involve key stakeholders, decision makers and community members, as the
adoption of increased adaptive capacity is determined by the cultural appropriateness
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 7/26
and relevancy to the community members of these changes.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Assessment of
the
Preparedness
during
emergency
situations
between the
student and
personnel of
SJC.
Assessment of emergency
situation exposure
between SJC students and
personnel
Current adaptive strategies
of SJC students and
personnel
Risk for future exposure of
SJC students and personnel
Future adaptive capacity of
SJC students and personnel
Differences
on the
preparedness
of SJC
community
(students and
personnel) in
emergency
situations
conceptual paradigm of the study
Scope and Delimitation:
This research only focuses on the preparedness of St. Jude College Manila
during emergency situation.
The research will only cover the collection of SJC students and personnel
census, survey of the students and personnel preparedness during emergency
situations and determination of the difference on the level of preparedness during
emergency situations between the two identified groups of the study participants, the
SJC students and SJC personnel. Aside from determining the differences on their
preparedness, the researchers will also involve its implications to health and its impact
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 8/26
on the general competency of Saint Jude College with regards to preparedness in
emergency crisis.
The researchers will conduct the experiment in Saint Jude College Manila, corner
Don Quijote St., Sampaloc, Manila. The study will cover students from different coursesand personnel from different departments, varying age and both male and female will be
included as participants of the study.
This study will be chiefly concerned on determining on the differences on the
preparation between the students and SJC personnel during emergency situation. It will
be limited only to the students and personnel of St. Jude College Manila, during 1st
semester of school year 2013-2014.
Definition of Terms
Emergency. A situation that needed on immediate response.
Preparedness. A state of readiness.
Assessment. The process of making a judgment or forming an opinon.
Emergency Situation. The urgent need for assistance of relief.
Natural Disaster. Can cause loss of life property damage and typical leaves some
economic damage.
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 9/26
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literatures and Studies
This chapter presents the local and international literatures that will be used by
the researchers in the conduct of the study.
Emergency situations happen not only because of occurrences in nature but can
also be human-induced. Different occurrences such as earthquakes are reported every
year. It hits both affluent and poverty-stricken countries. Most schools and institutions
are of box-type architecture and built before the development of earthquake-proof
technology thus posing higher risks of destruction during an earthquake. The rapid
change in climate as well results in stronger and more frequent storms, which often
cause floods, landslides, and mudslides killing thousands of people all over the world.
And although unusual in the Philippines scene, terrorist attacks which are known to be
human-induced disasters targeting heavily populated areas like malls, parks, schools,
and other public places making it as destructive as a natural one.
Foreign
The growing concerns about climate change come against the backdrop of aworrying rise in the vulnerability to natural disasters. While the past few decades saw a
reduction in the number of people killed by natural disasters, there is a dramatic
increase in the number of people affected and socio-economic losses (International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2003).
In line with global trends, the vulnerability of the Philippines to disasters is
increasing due to a combination of urbanization, demographic climactic and
environmental factors. It is estimated that 60% of the landmass is exposed to naturaldisasters and 74% of Filipinos live in vulnerable areas. Approximately a quarter of the
populations live below the poverty line, and individuals are disproportionately impacted
by natural disasters. (research done by GSMA, 2012)
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 10/26
Of the 37 schools from the national capital region,30% of the respondent schools
had disasters preparedness plans. The majority 95% of the public schools conductive
drills once a yr. Fire and earthquake drills were the most common type of drill
conducted in these schools. The majority (95%) of the public school key personnel were
aware of the national local disaster management programs. All respondents were aware
of disaster-related depED policies. (acta medica vol 41)
People required sufficient knowledge motivation and resources to engage in
preparedness activities. Social networks have been identified as one such resource
which contributes to resilience. (J Community Health 2012).
Gebbie (2002) considered that it is imperative to identify what every nurse needs
to know to serve effectively as a member of an emergency and disaster response team.
Gebbie (2002) determined that it is necessary to be clear about what nurses
need to know in order to function effectively. Thus, in any setting, one of the first
questions a nurse may ask is “what‟s my role in an emergency?‟‟
Since Florence Nightingale demonstrated to the world the important role that
nurses play on the front lines of responding to disaster, the field of public health and
disaster nursing has continued to expand its scope and define its significance. No single
entity, discipline, agency, organization or jurisdiction can or should claim sole
responsibility for the complex array of challenges associated with disasters and
emergencies, both natural and manmade. However, public health nursing expertise can
and should be used during all phases of the disaster cycle: mitigation, preparation,
response, and recovery (FEMA,2006a)
Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin, chairman of the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council, urged all sectors of government and the citizenry
to share in the responsibility in the risk reduction and management. In a statement read
by Loreto Rirao, director of the Office of Civil Defense -11 during the launching program
of the National Disaster Consciousness Month at the People‟s Park here, he urged all
stakeholders to take the whole-of-nation approach in mitigating the impact of calamities
to communities. This year‟s celebration is anchored on the theme, “ Ligtas na Bayan,
Maunlad na Pamayanan.” (safe country, prosperous communities.)
Gazmin said every government agency is required to provide the best services
for the safety and welfare of the resident through the spirit of helping one another
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 11/26
through bayanihan. “Let our experiences in previous disasters guide ask in perfecting
the craft of disaster risk reduction,” he said. Gazmin said government functionaries must
not only tag along in their involvement in risk reduction and management but must
share and contribute proactively to the effort to save lives.
He said although the Philippines has better performance in risk reduction and
management of disaster compared to other Asian countries, the country has to exert
more effort in delivering dynamic and transparent efforts in its activities on the
communities. “Let‟s continue to perfect the craft or disaster risk reduction and
management,” Gazmin said.
The enactment of Republic Act 10121 otherwise known as the Philippine disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2012 has laid the basis for a paradigm shift
from just emergency preparedness and response to emergency and disaster risk
reduction and management. The national emergency and disaster risk reduction
management plan serves as the national guide on how sustainable development can be
achieved through inclusive growth while building the adaptive capacities of
communiyies, increasing the resilience of vulnerable populations, and optimizing
emergency and disaster mitigation opportunities with the end view of promoting
people‟s welfare and security towards responsive and rights-based sustainable
development.
The priority area on emergency and disaster prevention and mitigation provides
key strategic actions that give importance to activities revolving around hazards
evaluation and mitigation, vulnerability analyses, identification of hazard-prone areas
and mainstreaming national emergency and disaster risk reduction management into
development plans. It is based on sound and scientific analysis of the differentunderlying factors which contribute to the vulnerability of the people and eventually,
their risk and exposure to emergency and disasters.
Emergency preparedness provides for the key strategic actions that give
importance to activities revolving around community awareness and understanding;
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 12/26
contingency planning; conduct of local drills and development of national emergency
and disaster response plan. Risk-related information coming from the prevention and
mitigation aspect is necessary in order for the preparedness activities to be responsive
to the needs of the people and situation on the ground. Also, the policies, budget, and
institutional mechanisms established under the prevention and mitigation priority area
will be further enhanced through capacity building activities, and coordination
mechanisms. Behavioral change created by the preparedness aspect is eventually
measured by how well people responded to emergency and disasters. At the frontlines
of preparedness are the local government units, local chief executives, and
communities.
Emergency and disaster response gives importance to activities during the actual
emergency response operations from needs assessment to search and rescue to relief
operations to early recovery activities are emphasized. The success and realization of
this priority area rely heavily on the completion of the activities under the both
prevention and mitigation and preparedness aspects, including among others the
coordination and communications mechanisms to be developed. On the ground
partnerships and the vertical and horizontal coordination work between and among key
stakeholders will contribute to successful emergency and disaster response operations
and its smooth transition towards early and long term recovery work.
There are compelling reasons why the Philippines should adopt emergency and
disaster risk reduction management and climate change adaptation. It is exposed to
disasters and hazards due to its geography and geology as well as the presence of
internal disputes in some areas.
Tropical cyclones and its sequential effects of rain and windstorms, as well as
floods are the most prevalent types of hydro-meteorological hazards in the country.
Between 1997 and 2007, eighty four (84) tropical cyclones entered the Philippine Area
of Responsibility (PAR). These typhoons resulted to a total of 13,155 in human casualty
and more than 51 million families have been affected. Economic losses due to typhoon
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 13/26
damages in agriculture, infrastructures and private properties are estimated to reach
P158.242-B. Some of the most devastating floods and landslides are triggered by these
typhoons that happened also within this period. The El Nino Southern Oscillation which
is a periodic disaster recorded high economic costs in just a single occurrence. In 2010,
out of the almost PhP 25-M worth of damages to properties caused by natural disasters,
tropical cyclones contributed to more than half. These affected more than 3 million
people in that year alone.
Environmental factors such as denuded forests aggravate flood risks. The pace
of deforestation since the 1930s accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s, before falling
slightly in the 1980s. Even now, the effects of loose soil and reduced forest cover from
past forestry activities are felt in frequent landslides and floods. Recent events show
that the annual monsoon season in the country has brought severe flooding in most
areas. In 2011, most of the disasters that claimed the lives of people and affected
properties and livelihoods of the most vulnerable were brought about by increased
rainfall which caused massive flash flooding in areas which don‟t normally experience
such. Between January to September 2011, more than 50 incidents of flash flooding
and flooding and more than 30 landslides occurred, mostly caused by increased rainfall
and illegal logging.
Typhoon Sendong alone caused the lives of more than 1,000 people and
damaged properties amounting to billions of pesos. In addition, the Philippines is
situated along a highly seismic area lying along the Pacific Ring of Fire and is highly-
prone to earthquakes. According to the Philippine Institute on Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVLOCS), the counrty experiences an average of five (5) earthquakes a
day. Earthquake disasters are not as frequent as the typhoons and flooding that take
place in the Philippines. Nevertheless, the impact generated on affected communities is
usually massive and devastating. Earthquake-induced disasters were few in numbers
and in terms of casualties. Within the 10-year period five (5) destructive earthquakes
were recorded and human casualty included 15 deaths and 119 persons injured.
Damage to the economy was estimated to reach P0.207-B. The 1990 Luzon
Earthquake, the Moro Gulf Tsunami and the collapse of the Ruby Tower were the most
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 14/26
notably devastating earthquake disasters in the Philippines.The Philippines is also
prone to volcanic eruptions being situated along the the Pacific Ring of Fire where two
major tectonic plates (Philippine Sea and Eurasian) meet. This explains the occurrence
of earthquakes and tsunamis and the existence of around 300 volcanoes of which 22
are active. Based on the data from the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC), between 1990 and 2006, annual direct damages
caused by disasters amount to PhP20-B per year. This is roughly 0.5% of the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) on the average per year. In 2009 alone, tropical storm Ondoy
and typhoon Pepeng caused substantial damages and losses equivalent to about 2.7%
of the country‟s GDP.
Hazards become disasters only if vulnerable people and resources are exposed
to them. People who live in poverty and adverse socio-economic considitions are highly
vulnerable to disasters, especially those who live in river pathways and along the most
hazard-prone areas. This explains why some parts of the country are more prone to
specific hazards than others; some parts are exposed to more hazards than others.In
an analysis of natural disaster hotspots by the Hazard Management Unit of the World
Bank in 2005, the Philippines is among the countries where large percentages of
population reside in disaster prone areas. In the 2011 World Risk Report published by
United Nations University and the Institute of Environment and Human Security, looking
into the four components of risk (exposure, susceptibility, coping and adapt capacities),
the Philippines is the third most disaster risk country worldwide. Aside from natural
causes, the country also experiences human-induced disasters. These are brought
about by hazards that are of political and socio-economic origins, among others. Many
are forced to evacuate during times of conflict. Violence continue to plague the country,
with most of the fighting in the South. Intense fighting between government forces and
the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) during the first half of year 2009 resulted in thedisplacement of hundreds of thousands of civilians. The government and the MILF
decided to lay down their arms and work toward peace accord that had failed in 2009 in
Malaysia. On the other hand, the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), labeled a terrorist
organization, continued to carry out bombings and rebels were killed during clashes with
the military in the latter part of 2009. These human-induced disasters caused by armed
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 15/26
fightings in the South continue to threaten the security of civilian communities which
result into the displacement of thousands of civilians. So long as there is no peace
settlement mechanism in Mindanao, internally displaced civilians will remain a given
collateral damage of every armed conflicts. Such disasters consequently cause public
anxiety, lost of lives, destruction of properties and sometimes socio-political stability.
Because of the country‟s susceptibility to natural and human-induced disasters,
efforts have been made for the past several years to build people‟s capacities and
resilience to disasters. This is in line with the country‟s commitment to achieve the
targets set by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and its commitment to build
resilient communities as expressed by its adoption of the Hyogo Framework for Action(HFA) in 2005. The HFA was formulated and adopted by 168 governments at the World
Conference on Disaster Reduction held in Kobe, Japan and is aimed at building the
resilience of nations and communities to disasters and reducing vulnerabilities and risks
to hazards. It aims to have (a) effective integration of disaster risk considerations into
sustainable development policies, planning and programming at all levels – disaster
prevention, mitigation, preparedness and vulnerability reduction; (b) development and
strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities at all levels; and (c) systematic
incorporation of risk reduction approaches into the design and implementation of
emergency preparedness, response and recovery programmes in the recontsruction of
affected communities.
Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine DRRM Act was passed into law and 12 |
Page paved the way for the need to “adopt an emergency and disaster risk reduction
and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in
lessening the socio-economic and environmental impacts of disasters including climatechange, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all
stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community.”The Act provides
for the development of policies and plans and the implementation of actions and
measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including
good governance, risk assessment and early warning, knowledge building and
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 16/26
awareness raising, reducing underlying risk factors, and preparedness for effective
response and early recovery.
At the heart of DRR is addressing the underlying causes of people‟s
vulnerabilities. For the past several years, DRR in the country has focused more on
efforts around disaster preparedness and response and not so much in identifying the
hazard-prone areas and other factors which contribute to people‟s exposure to
disasters; incorporating risk analysis to development plans; and building people‟s
capacities towards sustainable livelihood options. Although DRR has been gaining
attention among peoples and institutions, complete paradigm shift from “disasters as an
immediate product of hazards” to “disasters as a function of people‟s vulnerability” has
not yet fully happened. To be able to reduce the risks of people to disasters, more
attention must be given towards proper, continuous and sustained conduct of disaster
risk assesments (hazards, vulnerability, exposure) and using them to mainstream into
development plans DRRM and CCA activities and priority areas which will address the
underlying causes of vulnerabilities of the people. To address these causes, the
availablity of different livelihood options for people should also be seen as a way of
reducing their vulnerability especially in times of disasters.
Aggravating the many natural disasters are human-induced disasters like
terrorist activities, civil disturbances, hijacking and hostage taking incidents. These
disasters and crises cause public anxiety, loss of lives, destruction of properties and
even socio-political stability.The country continues to be confronted with internal
security threats coming from a protracted communist insurgency and a secessionist
rebellion in parts of Mindanao as well as the proliferation of private armed groups
(PAGs). This is further aggravated by the existence of the terrorist Abu Sayyaf Group
(ASG) with its links to international terror group.
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 17/26
On June 16, 2011, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Framework (NDRRMF) was approved by the executive committee of the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). The framework is in
conformity with and captures the essesence and priorities of Republic Act 10121.
The Framework envisions a country which have “safer, adaptive and disaster-
resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable development.” The goal is to have a
paradigm shift from reactive to proactive DRRM wherein men and women have
increased their awareness, understanding on DRRM with the end in view of increasing
people‟s resilience and decreasing their vulnerabilities. Our aim is to empower leaders
and communities and to develop the “right” mindset and positive behavioral changes
towards reducing and managing risks and lessening the effects of disasters. This term
is about building back better or building on from our learnings, good practices, research
and experiences, helping us address the underlying causes of our vulnerability and
increasing our ability to adjust to the situation before us. By being adaptive, we learn to
innovate and go to the next level.
Emergency and disaster-resilient communities are achieved when the risk
reduction efforts have been successful and have made the people stronger (in a
positive way and not just in terms of their coping mechanism), increasing their ability to
bounce back after a disaster. It is important to instill the culture of safety by increasing
people‟s capacity to bounce back and decrease disaster losses and impact. In the end,
DRRM is all about addressing the underlying causes of people‟s vulnerability; building
their individual, collective and institutional capacities and building back better wherein
people‟s lives become sustainably better.
The country is challenged by increasing emergency, disaster and climate
risks caused by dynamic combinations of natural and human-induced hazards,
exposure, and people‟s vulnerabilities and capacities. There is an urgent need for the
country to work together through multi-stakeholder partnerships and robust institutional
mechanisms and processes so that Filipinos will be able to live in safer, adaptive and
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 18/26
disaster resilient communities on the path to developing sustainably. This DRRM
framework emphasizes that through time, resources invested in disaster prevention,
mitigation, preparedness and climate change adaptation will be more effective towards
attaining the goal of adaptive, disaster resilient communities and sustainable
development. The Framework shows that mitigating the potential impacts of existing
disaster and climate risks, preventing hazards and small emergencies from becoming
disasters, and being prepared for disasters, will substantially reduce loss of life and
damage to social, economic and environmental assets. It also highlights the need for
effective and coordinated humanitarian assistance and disaster response to save lives
and protect the more vulnerable groups during and immediately after a disaster.
Further, building back better and building better lives after a disaster will lead to
sustainable development after the recovery and reconstruction process.
Given all these, it is imperative for the country to have a national plan that will
serve a road map on how disaster risk reduction and management will contribute to the
attainment of sustainable development through inclusive growth and build the adaptive
capacities of communities, increase the resilience of vulnerable sectors and optimize
disaster mitigation opportunities with the end in view of promoting people‟s welfare and
security towards gender-responsive and rights-based sustainable development.
Overall, the NDRRMP outlines the activities aimed at strengthening the capacity
of the national government and the LGUs together with partner stakeholders, to build
the disaster resilience of communities and to institutionalize arrangements and
measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected climate risks and enhancing
disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels.
It highlights, among others, the importance of mainstream DRRM and CCA in the
development processes such as policy formulation, socioeconoimc developmentplanning, budgeting and governance particularly in the area of environment, agriculture,
water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning and
public infrastructure and housing among others.
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 19/26
Mainstreaming also puts to forth the need to develop common tools to analyze
the various hazards and vulnerability factors which put our communities and people into
harms way. The NDRRMP also highlights the need for institutionalizing DRRM policies,
structures, coordination mechanisms and programs with continuing budget
appropriation on DRR from national down to local levels. Through permanent
mechanisms, competency and science-based capacity building activities can be done,
alongside the nurturing of continuous learning through knowledge development and
management of good DRRM practices on the ground.
Unique to the country is the inclusion of human-induced disasters in the area of
DRRM, based on RA 10121. This means that mainstreaming DRRM into the peace
process and conflict resolution approaches is also included in the national DRRM plan.
Through this, losses in lives and damages to properties will be minimized and
communities in hazards and conflict zones can immediately go back to their normal
lives after.
Last but not least, the NDRRMP adheres to the principles of good governance
within the context of poverty alleviation and environmental protection. It is about
partnerships, working together and all of government/community approach – engaging
the participation of CSOs, the private sector and volunteers in the government‟s DRRM
programs towards compelementation of resources and effective delivery of services to
the citizenry.
Disaster Preparedness -- the knowledge and capacities developed by
governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and
individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from teh impacts of likely,
imminent or currrent hazard events or conditions. Preparedness action is carried out
within the context of DRRM and aims to build the capacities needed to efficiently
manage all types of emergencies and achieve orderly transitions from response to
sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of DRR and good
linkaes with early warning systems and includes such activities as contingency
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 20/26
planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the development of arrangements for
coordination, evacuation and public information and associated training and field
exercises. These must be supported by formal, institutional, legal and budgetary
capacities.
This priority area provides for the key strategic actions that give importance
toactivities revolving around community awareness and understanding; contingency
planning; conduct of local drills and the development of a national disaster response
plan. Likewise, in preparing our communities and governments for possible disasters,
predetermined needs based on information available are crucial.
Risk-related information coming from the prevention and mitigation aspect is
necessary in order for the preparedness activities to be responsive to the needs of thepeople and situation on the ground. Also, the policies (and budget) and institutional
mechanisms established under the prevention and mitigation priority area will be further
enhanced through capacity building activities, development of coordination mechanisms
and the like. Through these, coordination, complementation and interoperability of work
in DRRM operations and essential services will be ensured.
It should be noted that the activities under this priority area are not linear but they
are cyclical and anticipate improvements over time. Behavioral change created by the
preparedness aspect is eventually measured by how well people responded to the
disasters. At the frontlines of preparedness are the local government units, local chief
executives and communities. Overall, the bottomline is, having more prepared citizenry
and governments.
Increased level of awareness and enhanced capacity of the community to the
threats and impacts of all hazards. In most cases, people and communities are
vulnerable to disasters because of lack of information about the hazards; how to
prepare for them; and how to reduce the risks of the hazards affecting their lives and
livelihoods. When their level of awareness and understanding are increased, people are
more prepared.
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 21/26
Communities are equipped with the necessary skills and capability to cope with
the impact of disasters. Being aware is not enough. People, communities and
governments need to be equipped with skills and capability to help them prepare for
disasters. This includes, among others, development of contingency plans, pre-emptive
evacuation, incident command systems, stockpiling and equipment pre-positioning.
Doing disaster preparedness entails a process that analyzes a potential event that
threatens a community and the environment and defines the root cause/s of the
potential event. It not only establishes arrangements in advance to enable timely,
effective and appropriate responses to such events and situations but it, too, identifies
and plans for DRR strategies to address an imminent threat to life and property.
Chapter 3
Methodology
This chapter describes the methods to be used to seek the answers to the
specific problems presented in the first chapter. This includes the research method
employed, population, samples and the samples and the sampling technique used, and
as well as the research instrument, data gathering procedures and the statistics to be
applied in treating the data. The discussions in this chapter are based on theassumption that the validity of findings is dependent upon the accuracy and
appropriateness of the methods of research employed.
Research Design
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 22/26
The research design that will be used is non-experimental quantitative research
utilizing the descriptive design. This will provides an accurate account of characteristics
of particular individuals, situations, or groups. Through descriptive studies, researchers
discover new meaning, describe what exists, determine the frequency with which
something occurs, and categorize information. The outcomes of descriptive research
include the description of concepts, identification of relationship, and development of
hypotheses that provide a basis for future quantitative research.
Instrumentation
Questionnaire method???
The researchers will utilize a questionnaire method, a very concise, preplanned
set of questions designed to yield specific information to meet a particular need for
research information about the topic.The information is attained from respondents
normally from a related interest area. Each respondent receives the same set of
questions phrased in exactly the same way.
The drafting of questions for the structured instrument will be carefully monitored
by the researchers so that each question will exhibit clarity, sensitivity to study
participant‟s psychological state, absence of bias, and in reading level. Questions will be
sequenced in a meaningful order that encourages cooperation and sincerity.
Research Locale
The study will be conducted at Saint Jude College Manila, Dimasalang corner
Don Quijote St., Sampaloc, Manila.
Saint Jude College was established in honor of St. Jude Thaddeus, the Apostle
and Patron Saint of the Hopeful and the embodiment of the true Christian spirit.
Through its allied services, it started as the St. Jude Maternity Clinic in 1950. Faced with
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 23/26
the growing health needs of the community and the breakthroughs and advances in
allied medical sciences, the founders, Dr. Ramon D. Atienza Jr. and his wife, Dra.
Felicidad Calip-Atienza. Through the years, with the sheer dedication and passion of the
founders, an additional eight-storey building, was erected to compromise the Main
Building in 1997.
By then, baccalaureate courses such as BS in Secretarial Administration, BS in
Commerce, BS in Business Administration, BS in Nutrition and Dietetics, BS in Nursing
and Bachelor of Arts Major in English, Filipino, History, And Psychology were already
being offered. Further, it had also offered its first masteral course, Masteral in Hospital
Administration and two-year associate course in Junior Secretarial, Dietitian Aide and
Health Aide.
With a vision for a progressive, proactive and dynamic education and the mission
of upholding academic and clinical excellence, courses such as BS in Physical Therapy
and BS in Computer Science were offered in 1995. A year later, the eight storey
Atienza-Calip Building was constructed.
The medical center is a non secretarian institution. It was also established in
honor of Saint Jude depicting the true Christian spirit with the end in view of augmenting
the nursing and health need of Filipinos in consonance with the programs of the
Department of Health. It started as Saint Jude Clinic and Maternity with a 12 bed
capacity meant to cater to medical and maternity cases. Faced with the growing
community health needs and the rapid advances in medical science, the founders, Dr.
Ramon D. Atienza Jr. and his wife Dra. Felicidad Calip-Atienza, built a two-storey
concrete hospital edifice with 50 bed capacities. With the passing years, the hospital
expanded from the two-storey to a five-storey hospital building.
The hospital became a general training ground and a teaching institute in 1968.
As such, complete facilities are provided for the comfort and convenience of both the
patients and the hospital staff. The building was inaugurated on the Feast of St. Jude on
October 28, 1968. Today, it is now a tertiary hospital which could be located at
Dimasalang corner Don Quiojte street, Sampaloc, Manila.
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 24/26
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Sampling technique that will be utilized is the stratified random sampling
technique, as the researcher aims to enhance the sample‟s representativeness. The
researchers will initially collect the census data of SJC students and SJC personnel,
then, By using information about population characteristics, researcher aims to ensure
that diverse segments are adequately represented through each strata. The population
of the study participants will be subdivided into homogenous subsets from which an
appropriate number of elements will be selected at random.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will submit a letter of request to the Human Resources
Department and to the Dean of the College of Nursing, requesting permission to
conduct the research study about the emergency preparedness in St. Jude College
Manila.
Upon the approval of the study, the researchers will ask the permission to the Dean
of other professional courses through personal appearance and communication letter
which encompasses the researchers‟ study and prospective study participants for the
research study. The researchers will institute a courtesy call to each department Dean
before conducting the research proper. The letter of approval from the Dean from each
department about the research to be conducted together with a communication letter
about the research study will be presented to the prospective study participants. After
proper channeling of the research study through Saint Jude College officials, the
researchers will then start to conduct the study about the preparedness between the
SJC students and SJC personnel during emergency situations. Primary approach of theresearchers will be the initial grouping together of the elements belonging to a stratum
and random selection of the desired number of elements based on the computed five
percent (5%) margin of error with regards to the research population. The requisition of
cooperation of the prospective study participants through the use of an informed
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 25/26
consent will also be established to be able to obtain appropriate SJC students and
personnel‟s approval that will be needed for the study
The SJC student and personnel emergency preparedness survey will be done for
one week. It will be conducted by utilizing the emergency prepredness survey toolwhich the study participants, both the SJC students and personnel will be answering
through written and face to face encounter with the researcher.
Statistical Treatment
The data that will be gathered from each study participant will be carefully
recorded and tabulated. The statistical formula will be used to ensure comprehensive
interpretation of data:
The formula for standard deviation is given by:
Where,
x = Values given
x ¯ = Mean
n = Total number of values.
T -test will be used as it provides measure to determine if two sets of data are
significantly different from each other, and is most commonly applied when the test
statistic in each group is considered to be a sample from a distinct population and the
responses in each group are independent of those in the other group
8/22/2019 Chapter 1d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 26/26
The independent samples t -test will be very useful when two separate sets
of independent samples are obtained and one from each of the two populations being
compared, as this statistical treatment compares the mean of two samples. T test uses
means and standard deviations of two samples to make a comparison. The formula for
T test is given below:
Where,
x1 ¯ = Mean of first set of values
x2 ¯ = Mean of second set of values
S1 = Standard deviation of first set of values
S2 = Standard deviation of second set of values
n1 = Total number of values in first set
n2 = Total number of values in second set.