Chapter 2The Planting of English America, 1500–1733

I. England’s Imperial Stirrings

• Initially hesitant to colonize overseas– Spain’s ally 1st half of the century.

• Protestant Reformation– King Henry VIII broke for the Catholic Church– Catholics v. Protestants – Protestant Elizabeth (1558) rose to the thrown– Conflicted with Spain. Why?

II. Elizabeth Energizes England

• Goals: promote Protestantism and plunder by seizing Spanish treasure ships.

• Sir Francis Drake– Looted Spanish ships and property – Secretly knighted by Queen Elizabeth

• Attempts to colonize – Sir Humphrey Gilbert

• Obtained charter, but was lost at sea (Newfoundland)

– Sir Walter Raleigh (1585)• Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina• Colony mysteriously disapeared

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Table 2-1 p26

III. England on the Eve of Empire

• England’s victory over Spain– Ensured naval dominance – Dampened Spain’s fighting spirit

• England population boom – Economic depression, unemployment – Primogeniture landowners forced to look elsewhere

• Emergence and perfected Joint-stock companies– Modern corporation

• Peace with Spain (1604) gave opportunity to colonize– Unemployment, adventure, markets, religious freedom all provided

motives.

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IV. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling

• Virginia Company (joint-stock)– Charter from King James I

• Promise of gold and passage through America to the Indies • Guaranteed same rights as Englishmen and eventually extend to subsequent

English colonies. • Remain with in the embrace of traditional English institution

– Did not plan on long term colonization • hoped to make a quick buck and liquidize the profits

• Jamestown (1607) http://youtu.be/vpA5O46Ioyk– http://youtu.be/ZINHFyVDp3s

Map 2-1 p27

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V. Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake• Powhatan’s Confederacy V. English Colonist

– Starving colonist raid Indian food supply – Lord De L Warr declares war against Indians

• Raided, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields.

• First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614)– Peace with the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas

• Tensions and attacks – Va. Company orders “perpetual war without peace truce.” – Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644)

• Peace in 1646• Banished Chesapeake Indians from their land and formally separated Indian from

white areas of settlement.

• Difference between Spain and England with Indian relations– Spain put Indians to work in mines – No economic purpose to Virginia colonist

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VI. The Indians’ New World• Demographic and cultural transformation

– Columbian exchange of animals, food, diseases• Reinvent their tribes for survival

– Trade• Firearms• Resulted an increase of Indian on Indian violence

– Struggled to keep up with the expanding Atlantic economy– Inland native, Algonquins, had advantages

• Time, space, and numbers• British or French trader conform to Indian ways • Often taking Indian wives

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VII. Virginia: Child of Tobacco• http://youtu.be/vpA5O46Ioyk

• Promoted plantation system and fresh labor– Makings of colonial slavery – 1619 reported 20 Africans

• Seeds of slave system

– 1650 reported 300 Africans– End of the century, 14% of the colony’s population

• 1619 House of Burgesses– Representative self government– James I grew hostile toward VA.

• Detested tobacco and distrusted House of Burgesses• Revoked the charter in 1624, became ROYAL COLONY

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VIII. Maryland: Catholic Haven

• Lord Baltimore (1634)– Refuge for fellow Catholics

• Tempers flared with back country planters (protestant)

– Plan for a feudal system

• Planation colony, tobacco – Depended on labor, indenture servants

• Supported Act of Toleration, 1649– Toleration of all Christians– Death penalty for Jews and atheists

• Sheltered most Catholics than any other English speaking colony in the New World.

IX. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

• Spain weakened in area, England makes presence known. • Sugar plantations

– Foundation of economy – Sugar cane, rich mans crop.

• Extensive work , Wealthy growers

• Huge numbers of enslaved Africans (out numbered whites)• Barbados Slave Code

– Complete control, brutal punishments

• Growth of sugar led to smaller farmers displaced– Migrated to southern mainland colonies– Brought with them enslaved Africans & Slave Code

• Staging area for the slave system in English North America

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X. Colonizing the Carolinas• Prospered by developing close economic ties with West Indies• Vigorous slave trade

– Enlisted aid from Savannah Indians to search for captives– Exporting Indians to West Indies

• Rice emerged as principle export crop • Charles Town

– Rapid busy sea port – Rich aristocratic flavor – Diverse community: French Protestant & Jews

Table 2-2 p34

XI. The Emergence of North Carolina• “the quintessence of Virginia’s discontent.”• Squatters• Raised tobacco on small farms

– Little need for slaves

• Character traits– Poor, riffraff – Resistance to authority

• Democratic, Independent-minded, and least aristocratic of the original 13 colonies– Similar to Rhode Island

• Tuscarora War– Resulted in selling of hundreds into slavery, – Wanders went north and became 6th nation of the Iroquois Confederacy

Map 2-2 p35

XII. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony

• Last colony, meant to act as a buffer – Protect valuable Carolinas against vengeful Spaniards from Florida and

French from Louisiana – Received monetary subsidies from British govt.

• Only colony to receive such grants

– At first rejected slave system

• Haven for wretched imprisoned individual in debt • Melting pot community

– Germans, Scots

XIII. The Plantation Colonies• Southern mainland Colonies: Md, Va, NC , SC, and Ga.

– Exporting agricultural products – Tobacco and rice – Slavery, later Georgia

• Scattering of plantations and farms retarded the growth of cities

• Tax supported Church of England

• http://youtu.be/7FLMPnDdgxo overview

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