Chapter 2 Ancient Middle East and Egypt 3200 B.C.- 500
B.C.
Slide 2
Fertile Crescent From Persian Gulf to the eastern coast of the
Mediterranean Sea Mesopotamia= between two rivers Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers flow from modern day Turkey into Iraq Catastrophic
floods occurred in ancient Sumer The Epic of Gilgamesh Villagers
had to work together to protect themselves and their farmland from
the violent flooding
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Building Cities Lack natural resources like timber and stone
Made houses and other structures out of clay bricks Merchants
traveled far to sell their wares Sumerians may have been the first
people to use wheeled vehicles
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Sumerian Civilization Takes Shape 12 separate city-states Rule
by war leaders/hereditary rule In charge of public works, warfare,
enforced laws, employed scribes, chief servant of the gods
Hierarchy- system of ranking Upper class- ruling family, leading
officials, and high priests Middle class- lesser priests, scribes,
merchants and artisans Lower class- peasants farmers and
slaves
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What were womens roles in Sumerian society? What was the
Sumerian view of the afterlife?
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Section 2 Invaders, Traders, and Empire Builders The Fertile
Crescent was a very appealing place for nomadic peoples and
ambitious warriors Some came through Mesopotamia to pillage and
some to settle
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Sargon and the Akkadians Ruler of Akkad 2300 B.C. Invaded
city-states of Sumer Built first known empire Only lasted until his
death
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Hammurabi and Babylon 1790 B.C. King of Babylon Brought much of
Mesopotamia under his empire Code of Hammurabi Law code Codify-
arrange and set down into writing Most enduring legacy
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Types of Law Civil Law Deals with private rights and matters
Business contracts Property inheritance Taxes Marriage Divorce A
Husband had legal authority over his wife, and a legal duty to
support her A Father had unlimited authority over his children
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Criminal Law Offenses against others Robbery Assault Murder eye
for an eye
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Other Accomplishments of Hammurabi Public works such as
irrigation, well-trained army, temple repairs Unified his empire
through religion Marduk became the chief god of Babylon over all
other Sumerian gods
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Hittites 1400 B.C. Secret of ironworking Empire collapsed
around 1400 B.C. Ironworking spread Refine the horse-drawn chariot
p. 39
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Assyrians 1350 B.C. started their empire, 1100 B.C. spread
across Mesopotamia Feared warriors City of Nineveh- worlds first
library King Assurbanipal Collected cuneiform tablets from all over
the Fertile Crescent
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Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon Revived Babylon Stretched from the
Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf Hanging Gardens Seven Wonders of
the Ancient World
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Persians Babylon fell to Cyrus the Great Asia minor to India-
Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Afghanistan and Pakistan Policy of tolerance
Darius I Satraps and satrapy Single law code Traveled all over his
empire Produced common weights and measures Barter economy vs.
money economy
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Zoroaster 600 B.C Rejected old Persian gods One god, Ahura
Mazda, ruled the world He was in constant struggle with Ahriman,
the prince of lies and evil It was your job to decide with side to
support Zoroaster taught that in the end Ahura Mazda would win, and
their would be a final judgment day
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Phoenicians Sailors and traders String of cities along the
eastern Mediterranean coast in modern day Lebanon and Syria Some
farming, but mostly relied manufacturing and trade Set up colonies
in North Africa, Sicily, and Spain Some made it as far as Britain
Carriers of civilization Alphabet 22 symbols that stood for a
consonant sound Greeks added vowel sounds and symbols This is where
we get the words you are reading right now
Slide 18
Section 3 Kingdom on the Nile Geography Nile- longest river in
the world. Flows from south to north Surrounded by dessert Yearly
flooding Channeled water for the dry season Upper Egypt- South
Lower Egypt- North Cataract- waterfall Delta- Triangular area of
marshland River used for trade and as a unifying force
Slide 19
Old Kingdom 2575 B.C.- 2130 B.C. Pharaohs- Egyptians kings/gods
Strong centralized state Bureaucracy- a system of govt that
includes different job functions and levels of authority Vizier-
chief minister Ptah-hotep Vizier 2450 B.C. Wrote Instructions of
the Vizier Ptah-hotep
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Great Pyramids are Built! Necropolis=cemeteries Take out your
packet and read about the building of the pyramids!!
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Middle Kingdom 1938 B.C.- 1630 B.C. Turbulent period Power
struggles, crop failures, debt Nile not as predictable Took over
Nubia More contact with peoples of the Middle East and Crete About
1700 B.C. Hyksos invaded Read Hyksos and Horses
Slide 22
New Kingdom 1539 B.C.- 1075 B.C. Age of conquest Hatshepsut
Thutmose III Ramses II Ruled 66 years Built many monuments to
himself Fought with the Hittites- first signed peace treaty
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Decline 1100 B.C. Invaded by Assyrians and Persians 332 B.C.
Greeks took over 30 B.C. Rome took it from the Greeks
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Section 4 Egyptian Civilization
Slide 39
Religion Chief gods and goddesses Sun god Old Kingdom called Re
Middle Kingdom called Amon-Re Pharaohs received their right to rule
directly from Amon-Re
Slide 40
Osiris and Isis Osiris God of the Dead and the Nile River Isis
was ideal female and wife of Osiris
Slide 41
Akhenaton In 1380 B.C., Amenhotep IV challenged the priests of
Amon- Re He worshipped only Aton, a minor god Many did not
following him Changes did not last beyond his lifetime
Slide 42
Egyptian Views of the Afterlife Pass a test to win eternal life
Osiris would judge the weight of your heart against that of a
feather If your heart was heavier then you would be fed to the
Eater of the Dead If your heart did not out-weight the feather then
you could enter the Happy Field of Food Book of the Dead was there
as your guide
Slide 43
Mummification Egyptians believed that the afterlife would be
much like life on Earth Buried the dead with everything they needed
for eternity Mummification was used to preserve the body Just for
rulers and nobles, but eventually ordinary Egyptians were
mummified, including pets
Slide 44
Egyptian Society Mostly farmers and slaves In the off-season
men were expected to serve the pharaoh Women would tend to the
children and household
Slide 45
Changes Social classes more fluid because of warfare and trade
Women enjoyed a higher status Inherit property Enter business deals
Buy and sell goods Got to court Obtain a divorce
Slide 46
Advances in Learning Hieroglyphics Hieratic Demotic p. 54 in
textbook Rosetta Stone Knew about the human body b/c of
mummification Modern-day calendar Geometry
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Arts and Literature Gods and pharaohs always larger than other
figures in art Stiff standard poses Not life-like Literature
included hymns, prayers, proverbs, and love poems The Tale of
Sinuhe
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Section 5 The Roots of Judaism
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Unique Belief System Monotheistic Torah- first 5 books of the
Bible plus more Talmud- laws and customs Moses David Solomon
Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian Captivity
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Law and Morality Society was patriarchal Women had few legal
rights Ten Commandments Prophets Strong code of ethics
Slide 51
Diaspora Means to spread out Kept their traditions and ways of
life Greatly influenced Christianity and Islam