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8/18/2019 Chapter 2 Atoms to Minerals & RFM
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to
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Normal Matter is composed
of…….
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Atoms differ in the number of
“pieces” ( Protons, Neutrons andElectrons) that they hae inside of
them.
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Atoms !ith certain consistent
characteristics are called….
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matter that is made up ofatoms…matter that is made up ofatoms (or one atom) that
hae the same number ofProtons in their nucleus.
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"ut###Not all atoms of the
same element are the
same, either.
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Atoms of the same element that
hae different numbers ofneutrons in their nuclei are
called….
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$ertain isotopes of elements are
unstable, or radioactie.
(e%ample& $arbon' and
*ranium'+-)
hese radioactie isotopes ofelements allo! us to do absolute'
a/e datin/#
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Most substances on Earth arenot pure elements but rather….
000
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1hat is a $ompound0
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A $ompound is…..
A substance made from
two or more differentelements that have been
chemically combined.
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A Mi%ture, on the other hand,
is…
A substance made from two or
more different elements that
have not been chemically
combined, and which can beseparated by physical means
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Elements by
themselves are muchless common than
Compounds, because
they tend to combine
with each other to form
Compounds.
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Elements and Compounds in their
solid form make up…
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17/97What is a Mineral?
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A Mineral is a naturally
occurrin/ 2nor/anic 3olid !ith a
definite chemical composition
and a crystalline structure.
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hat means that…
!t can"t be or#anic in
ori#in!t can"t be a li$uid
and..
!t has to have a crystalstructure
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4ets put that in a list format.
. Minerals are a naturally occurrin/
substance.
+. Minerals are solids.
. Minerals hae a definitechemical composition.
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. he atoms that ma5e up minerals
are arran/ed in an orderly pattern(hey form crystals).
6. Minerals are inor/anic. (hey!ere neer alie.)
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%ow many different minerals are
there on Earth???
Answer&About ',(((
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More than )(* of all of theminerals in the Earth"s Crust,
however, are made up of
compounds containin# +ilicon
and -y#en, the two most
abundant elements on Earth.
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And…..he percent composition of +ilicate
Minerals in an i#neous rock determine a
lot of the characteristics of that rock andthe ma#ma that formed it.
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7i/h 3ilica content forms li/ht'
colored roc5s.
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1hile lo!er (but only by about
+68) 3ilica content forms
dar5er'colored roc5s.
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%ow do Minerals /orm???
. Minerals form in coolin/ ma/ma chambers
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9ifferent types of minerals
crystalli:e at different temperatures
0ecreasin# temperature
Mineral formation in a Ma/ma $hamber
"o!en;s
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=liine
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Pyro%ene
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Peridotite' Mostly =liine
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>abbro' Pyro%ene and =liine
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Andesite' 7ornblend and "iotite0 and
Pla/ioclase ?eldspar
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Potassium ?eldspar
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@uart:
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Pin5 >ranite
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Mineral ?ractionali:ation in a Ma/ma $hamber
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+. Metamorphic Minerals&3ome minerals occur as the
result of
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. 3ome types of minerals form
as !ater containin/ dissoledions slo!ly eaporates.
+alt deposits
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7o! lon/ does it ta5e for
minerals to form00 Minerals in solution in water can form
relatively $uickly when the water
evaporates. Minerals in ma#ma can form as $uickly as
the ma#ma1lava can crystalli2e 3lava can
cool in minutes, while ma#ma can takethousands of years4.
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A $rystal is….
A re/ular /eometric solid !ith
smooth surfaces called….
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he orderly arran#ement of ions,
molecules, or atoms, in any
mineral determines the shape of
its crystals.
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Althou/h there are thousands of
different types of minerals, theircrystals come in si% basic types
of shapes
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Minerals are identified and
classified by visual inspection, and
by performin# simple tests to
determine their physical properties
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=nly of the , 5no!n
minerals are common.
hese minerals are 5no!n
as the roc5'formin/ minerals
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Most roc5'formin/ minerals
are…
he percent composition
of 3ilicate minerals in aroc5 determines the type
of roc5 it is.
< 5 th t h hi h t
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Minerals are most often
identified by inspectin/ their
Physical and $hemical
properties.
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$olor is the most easily obsered, but least
reliable property of a mineral for
identification.
his is because the color of many mineralsaries !ith the 5ind of impurities in the
mineral.
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4uster is the !ay in !hich a mineral shines in the li/ht.
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ypes of 5uster
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3trea5 is the color of the po!der left
on a strea5 plate !hen a mineral isrubbed on it.
3trea5 is much more reliable than
color because, althou/h the color
of a mineral chan/es, its strea5
does not.
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$leaa/e is the tendency of a mineral
to split in a particular direction.
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“3heety” $leaa/e
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?eldspars al!ays cleae readily at or near ri/ht an/les.
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?racture is the tendency of a
mineral to brea5 in directions
other than alon/ crystal faces or
cleaa/e surfaces.
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$onchoidal or shell'li5e fracture
?ibrous facture
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7ardness is the resistance of a mineral tobein/ scratched.
he Mohs 7ardness 3cale is one of the
most effectie tool for identifyin/
minerals.
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