Chapter 2 – Basic Kinematic ConceptsChapter 2 – Basic Kinematic Concepts

Forms of MotionForms of Motion Directional TermsDirectional Terms Planes of Sections + Axes of RotationPlanes of Sections + Axes of Rotation Joint Movement TerminologyJoint Movement Terminology

Forms of motion

Translation:Translation: all parts of a body all parts of a body travel exactly the same distance, in travel exactly the same distance, in the same direction, in the same time. the same direction, in the same time.

Rectilinear translationRectilinear translation – straight – straight line translationline translation

Curvilinear TranslationCurvilinear Translation – curved – curved line translationline translation

Angular (rotational) motion: Angular (rotational) motion: – all – all parts of the body, move along a parts of the body, move along a circular path about the same point circular path about the same point called the axis of rotation, so that all called the axis of rotation, so that all parts travel through the same angle, parts travel through the same angle, in the same direction, in the same in the same direction, in the same time. time.

General Motion:General Motion: a combination of translation and a combination of translation and rotation - most movements are difficult to classify rotation - most movements are difficult to classify into pure translation or rotationinto pure translation or rotation..

Directional TermsDirectional Terms Superior (cranial) – closer to the headSuperior (cranial) – closer to the head

Inferior (caudal) – farther from the headInferior (caudal) – farther from the head

Anterior (ventral)– toward the front of the bodyAnterior (ventral)– toward the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back of the bodyPosterior (dorsal) – toward the back of the body

Medial - closer to the mid-line Medial - closer to the mid-line

Lateral – further from the mid-lineLateral – further from the mid-line

Proximal – closer to the trunkProximal – closer to the trunk

Distal - farther from the trunkDistal - farther from the trunk

Palmer (volar)– palm side of hand Palmer (volar)– palm side of hand

Plantar (volar) - sole of footPlantar (volar) - sole of foot

Dorsal – back of hand / top of footDorsal – back of hand / top of foot

Superficial/deep – closer to the surface/farther from the surfaceSuperficial/deep – closer to the surface/farther from the surface

Planes of Section and Axes of RotationPlanes of Section and Axes of Rotation

Joint Movement TerminologyJoint Movement Terminology

In the sagittal plane about the mediolateral axis.In the sagittal plane about the mediolateral axis.

Flexion – decreasing joint angle Flexion – decreasing joint angle oror anteriorly anteriorly directed rotations of the head, trunk, upper arm, directed rotations of the head, trunk, upper arm, forearm, hand, and upper leg. Posteriorly directed forearm, hand, and upper leg. Posteriorly directed movement of the lower legmovement of the lower leg

Extension – increasing joint angle (back to Extension – increasing joint angle (back to anatomical position) anatomical position) or or returns a body segment to returns a body segment to the anatomical position from flexionthe anatomical position from flexion

Hyperextension – movement of the joint angle Hyperextension – movement of the joint angle beyond the anatomical position in the opposite beyond the anatomical position in the opposite direction to flexiondirection to flexion

Plantar flexion – top of the foot away from the tibia Plantar flexion – top of the foot away from the tibia Dorsiflexion – top of the foot toward the tibia Dorsiflexion – top of the foot toward the tibia

In the frontal plane about the anteroposterior axisIn the frontal plane about the anteroposterior axis

ABABduction – movement away from the midline duction – movement away from the midline

ADADduction – movement towards the midlineduction – movement towards the midline

Lateral Flexion (head and trunk) Lateral Flexion (head and trunk) Elevation – upward movement Elevation – upward movement

Depression – downward movementDepression – downward movement

Inversion – sole of the foot inward (medially)Inversion – sole of the foot inward (medially) Eversion – sole of the foot outward (laterally)Eversion – sole of the foot outward (laterally)

In the transverse plane about the longitudinal axis.In the transverse plane about the longitudinal axis.

Rotation:Rotation:• Left / Right rotation – for head, neck, and trunkLeft / Right rotation – for head, neck, and trunk

• Medial rotation – rotation towards the midline Medial rotation – rotation towards the midline • Lateral rotation – rotation away from the midline Lateral rotation – rotation away from the midline

Pronation – rotation of forearm/hand towards the midline Pronation – rotation of forearm/hand towards the midline Supination – rotation of forearm/hand away from the Supination – rotation of forearm/hand away from the midline midline

Protraction – movement forward Protraction – movement forward Retraction – movement backwardRetraction – movement backward

Special caseSpecial case

Circumduction – distal end of limb moves in a circle while Circumduction – distal end of limb moves in a circle while the proximal end is stable.the proximal end is stable.