Chapter 2

Europe Looks Outward

2.1-The Age of Exploration* The Viking Explorers

- In 1001, Leif Erikson & 35 men explored they called Vinland, but

may have been North America

* The Voyages of Columbus ( 3)

- Columbus was searching for a sea way to Asia for trading. (What he thought to be 21

Day exploration)

- Asked Portugal to fund his exploration, they said no.

- Spain funded the exploration.

- Three Ships : Nina, Pinta, & the Santa Maria

-First Voyage: Thought he was in the Indies, actually in Cuba.

- Left people in Hispaniola to start a civilization.- Second Voyage: Returned to find the people left in Hispaniola were dead.

-Landed in Puerto Rico-Took gold, trinkets, and captives back

to Spain.-Third Voyage: Thought he was in Asia, actually reached South America

-Asked for a fourth trip, he was denied. --Columbus died 2 years later still convinced he had reached Asia.

* Other Important Explorers- Amerigo Vespucci : Followed the routes of

Columbus and determined that land was not Asia. He named it “ The Land of Amerigo” later shortened to “America”.

-Vasco Nunez de Balboa- First explorer to see the Pacific Ocean

-Ferdinand Magellan- Searched for an Atlantic- Pacific Ocean passageway ( The Strait of Magellan) 

-He was the first Person to Circumnavigate, sail around the world.

*The Columbian Exchange

-Exploration brought about a global exchange of goods and ideas.

Positive Effects From Europe:

cows hogs domestic

animals wheat oats

Negative Effects From Europe

brought diseases that killed Native Americans

Smallpox

Chickenpox

Measles -Positive Effects From Native Americans-Animals: Llamas, Turkeys, Squirrels, and

Muskrats*Most Important-How to cultivate land and

harvest crops.

2.2- Spain’s Empire in the Americas

* Spain defeat the Aztecs and Incas

-Conquistador : A soldier Adventurer

- Two Victorious Leaders :

* Hernando Cortes *Francisco Pizarro

*Why were the Spanish successful

- The advances in technology : armor, muskets, cannons

- Rode horses

- Native Americans were divided amongst themselves.

*Hernando Cortes defeats Moctezuma and the Aztecs and built Mexico City

-Originally Moctezuma offered Cortes gold to make the Spanish troops leave Tenochtitlan ( Capital) , but Cortes kept the gold and took Moctezuma hostage.

-The Aztecs rebelled and forces the Spanish to leave.

-One year later, Cortes captured Tenochtitlan burns it to the ground and builds Mexico City for the colony of New Spain.

*Francisco Pizarro defeats Atahualpa and the Incas

-Pizarro took the Inca leader ( Atahualpa) hostage, the Incas paid a huge ransom to free him.

-Pizarro kept the ransom, and executed Atahualpa.

* Other Spanish Explorers : All came searching for gold- Juan Ponce de Leon : The first Spaniard to

set foot in what is now the United States

- Alvar Nunez Cabeza : Landed in present day Texas

- Francisco Coronado : Explored New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and

Kansas

- Hernando de Soto : Found the Mississippi River

* Society in Spanish America- The Spanish forced Native Americans to work.- Many owned plantations.- Encomiendas : Land grants that gave rights to demand

labor or taxes from the Native Americans.

- Spanish felt the need to covert Native Americans to Christianity

- As the Native Americans keep dying, the Spanish look to Africa for laborers.

-Society Labels:* Peninsulares : Spanish colonist born in Spain

( government officials)

* Creoles: Colonists born in America with 2 Spanish parents

*Mestizos: Spanish and Indian blood ( ranchers, farmers, merchants)

* Mulatttos: Spanish and African blood ( bottom of the social class)

2.3- Europeans Compete in North

America* Religion & Economics during the Reformation

-Religion: Many other countries had split from the Roman Catholic Church causing tension around Europe.

- Economic: As religion split countries in Europe, they all became eager to find routes to Asia and hoped to find gold.

 

Examples:

-Religion: Henry VIII wanted a son to inherit the throne. When his wife couldn’t produce a male, he wanted a divorce. Since the Roman Catholic Church would not grant him a divorce, he broke away from the Catholic Church and formed his own named the, Church of England.

-Economic-Mercantilism:Colonies existed to make the home country wealthy and powerful.

 *Europeans searched for route to Asia

-The Spanish Armada- Spain led an attack on England in hopes to convert them back to the Roman Catholic Church. -The Result: England defeat the Spanish Armada. Spain lost a lot of power in Europe. *Spain was in debt.

*Opened the door for England & France to explore and found colonies.

* The Northwest Passage-Northwest Passage- A sea route from the Atlantic to

the Pacific that passes through or around North America.

- John Calbot ( England) : Explored areas near the Newfoundland and Chesapeake Bay & finally realized this land Columbus found was NOT Asia.

-Henry Hudson : Had four voyages.*3rd Voyage( Netherlands) : Explore what is now

New York & explore a river that today bears his name, the Hudson River.

*4th Voyage ( England) : Found the Hudson Bay. The icy water made the exploration stop. After living through the harsh winter, by spring the crew conspired to mutiny Hudson. 

2.4-France and the Netherlands

* The French Colony moves inland off the coast

- Champlain: First French explorer to settle in North America ( New France) which today is Nova Scotia

-French came to North America in search of trading animal skins for fish and furs.

-Helped set up trading ports such as Québec City and Montreal.

* The thriving Dutch Colony New Netherlands- The Dutch Settled along the Hudson River

Valley. It later became a barrier that blocked England from expanding westward.

- It was established because trade was so prosperous. * The Impact on the Native Americans

- Native Americans gave the French & Dutch fur pelts

- French & Dutch made an alliance with the Native Americans

- The French & Dutch traded with Native Americans , they did not make them labor or pay taxes. ( A peaceful relationship)

-As the amount of animals decreased, the value of the Native American Land increased because more colonist needed farm land.