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Chapter 2
H. J. deBlij
Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area
Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area
Physiologic population density: Population per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account)
Physiologic population density: Population per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account)
On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people
Population distributionDescriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live
D
On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people
Population distributionDescriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live
A
B
C
A. East Asia: ¼ of world populationB. South Asia: Bound by the
Himalayas to the north and a desert in Pakistan
C. Europe: Population concentrated in cities
D. North America: Megalopolis
Thomas Malthus An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798) Population growing exponentially
Food supplies growing linearly
What happened? Expansion of food supply sources (globalization) Increase in agricultural productivity (exponentially)
Number of years for a population to double in size (like a bank deposit at compound interest)
Decreased doubling time (rapid growth), then increased doubling time (growth slowed down)
Doubling time = 45 years
Doubling time = 54 years
http://www.census.gov/popclock/
Difference between births and deathsDoes not include immigration and
emigration
Difference between births and deathsDoes not include immigration and
emigration
The average number of children per woman
TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1
The average number of children per woman
TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcSX4ytEfcE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_9SutNmfFk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc4HxPxNrZ0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B2xOvKFFz4
Significant demographic variations within countries: Higher growth rates in northeastern India,lower rates in southeastern India
1950s: Population planning program 1960s: National population planning program 1970s: Beginning of forced sterilization
program for men with 3 or more children; 22.5 million men sterilized
2004: Beginning of guns-for-sterilization program in Uttar Pradesh
Today: Use of advertising and persuasion to lower birth rates in most states
Changes in birth, death, and natural increase rates
Decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, resulting in a low or stable growth rate
Number of births in a year per 1,000 people
Number of births in a year per 1,000 people
Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people
Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people
The Demographic Transition
Components of population composition– Gender distribution– Age distribution
Population pyramid: Graphic depiction of population by percentage in each age group, divided by gender
High infant mortalityShort life expectancyRapid population growth
Low infant mortalityLong life expectancy, especially for
femalesLittle or no growth, even natural decrease
Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year
Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year
Number of years a person born now can expect to live
Number of years a person born now can expect to live
Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children
Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare
Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children
Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare
Sources of diseases Infectious diseases: Spread from person to person
Vectored: Spread through intermediary, such as an insect
Nonvectored: Spread directly from person to person
Chronic or degenerative diseases: Diseases of old age Genetic or inherited diseases: Passed through genes
Spread of diseases Endemic: Present in small area Epidemic: Spreads over large region Pandemic: Spreads worldwide
Chronic diseases reflecting longer life expectances
Decline in deaths from infectious diseases
HIV/AIDS• Became worldwide concern in 1980s (but probably present in Africa before then)• Infection long before symptoms appear• Social stigma• Many deaths among young adults
Effect of AIDS on population structureof South Africa
AIDS Impact on Children
Sparrow Rainbow Village, ahospice for child AIDS patientsnear Johannesburg, SouthAfrica
Expansive population policiesAnti-capitalist ideologies (e.g., Maoist
China, Soviet Union)Combating declining birth rates, aging
populations (e.g., Europe)Eugenic population policies (e.g., Nazi
Germany)Restrictive population policies
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlgYXaIdr7E