Chapter 2Chapter 2Health During Infancy Health During Infancy

Child HoodChild Hood

Dr. Areefa AlbahriDr. Areefa Albahri

Health as defined by the world health Health as defined by the world health organization (WHO) is a state of complete organization (WHO) is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or deformity. merely the absence of disease or deformity.

One method of assessing the health of One method of assessing the health of children within a country is to observe the children within a country is to observe the rates of mortality (deaths) and morbidity rates of mortality (deaths) and morbidity (illness) over a period of time. This gives (illness) over a period of time. This gives information aboutinformation about : :

11. . Causes of deaths. Causes of deaths. 2. High risk age group for certain disorders or 2. High risk age group for certain disorders or

hazards. hazards. 3. Advances in treatments and prevention and 3. Advances in treatments and prevention and

health counseling. health counseling.

Pediatric statisticsPediatric statistics

Mortality:Mortality: Statistics describe the incidence or Statistics describe the incidence or number of individuals who have died over a number of individuals who have died over a specific period of time. Per 100,000 calculate specific period of time. Per 100,000 calculate from a sample of death certificate. from a sample of death certificate.

Incidence:Incidence: is the number of new cases of a is the number of new cases of a condition, symptom, death, or injury that develop condition, symptom, death, or injury that develop during a specific time period, such as a year. The during a specific time period, such as a year. The number is often expressed as a percentage of a number is often expressed as a percentage of a population. For example, 25% of Palestinians population. For example, 25% of Palestinians were diagnosed with the flu in 2009. were diagnosed with the flu in 2009.

Infant mortality rateInfant mortality rate: Defined as the number of : Defined as the number of deaths per 1000 live births during the first year deaths per 1000 live births during the first year of life in a certain year . of life in a certain year .

Pediatric STATISTICSPediatric STATISTICS

Infant Mortality Rate: Infant Mortality Rate: divided into: divided into: - - Neonate mortality: Neonate mortality: birth - 28 days. birth - 28 days. - - Postnatal mortalityPostnatal mortality 1 month - 12 months 1 month - 12 months There is a dramatic decrease in infant There is a dramatic decrease in infant

mortality rate resulted from: mortality rate resulted from: Infectious disease control. Infectious disease control. Nutritional advances. Nutritional advances. The advert of antibiotic and antimicrobial The advert of antibiotic and antimicrobial

agents. agents. Recent improvements in perinatal careRecent improvements in perinatal care. .

In PalestineIn Palestine : :

The data of the annual report of the Ministry of Health The data of the annual report of the Ministry of Health 2007 states that the main leading causes of infant 2007 states that the main leading causes of infant mortality is respiratory diseases. Others including mortality is respiratory diseases. Others including infections (34.7%), low birth weight births (13.4%), infections (34.7%), low birth weight births (13.4%), congenital abnormalities (16.1%, and sudden death congenital abnormalities (16.1%, and sudden death (4.3%). While congenital abnormalities constitute the (4.3%). While congenital abnormalities constitute the major cause for child mortality (under five) followed by major cause for child mortality (under five) followed by pre-birth related complications. pre-birth related complications.

The number of deaths occurring in the first year of life The number of deaths occurring in the first year of life is still high when compared with death rates at other is still high when compared with death rates at other ages. ages.

Under Five Years Child Mortality Rate: The number of Under Five Years Child Mortality Rate: The number of death cases among children (aged less than five years) death cases among children (aged less than five years) per 1,000 children in the age group 0 – 4 during a per 1,000 children in the age group 0 – 4 during a certain year. certain year.

Childhood mortality: beyond infancy. Childhood mortality: beyond infancy.

Causes of DeathsCauses of Deaths -: -:

1. 1. Infants: Infants: a. Prenatal conditions a. Prenatal conditions such as such as Aspiration of amniotic fluids (pneumonia or Aspiration of amniotic fluids (pneumonia or

suffocation). suffocation). Cord around the neck. Cord around the neck. Difficulty labor: vacuum delivery and Difficulty labor: vacuum delivery and

forceps delivery. forceps delivery. b. Congenital anomalies:- b. Congenital anomalies:- Tetralogy of fallout. Tetralogy of fallout. Tracheoesophageal fistula Tracheoesophageal fistula Hydrocephally. Hydrocephally. c. Infection and sepsis.c. Infection and sepsis.

2. Childhood:- 2. Childhood:- Accidents - Cancers - Congenital anomalies Accidents - Cancers - Congenital anomalies

(cystic fibrosis, thalassemia). (cystic fibrosis, thalassemia). Infection mainly respiratory tract and Infection mainly respiratory tract and

gastrointestinal infections - Malnutrition. gastrointestinal infections - Malnutrition.

3. Adolescence:- 3. Adolescence:- accidents and suicide. accidents and suicide. Morbidity: Morbidity: Statistics describe the prevalence Statistics describe the prevalence

of a specific illness in the population at a of a specific illness in the population at a particular time (rate/1000). particular time (rate/1000).

Prevalence: Prevalence: The ratio (for a given time period) The ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the event to the number of units at risk in the population.population.

Child morbidity: Child morbidity: Acute illnessAcute illness, symptoms sever enough to , symptoms sever enough to

limit activity or require medical attention. It limit activity or require medical attention. It can be classified to acute illness (respiratory, can be classified to acute illness (respiratory, infections, injuries) or chronic illness or infections, injuries) or chronic illness or disability. disability.

The new morbidity or pediatric social The new morbidity or pediatric social illnesses which include behavioral, illnesses which include behavioral, psychosocial and educational problems psychosocial and educational problems (poverty, violence, school failure). (poverty, violence, school failure).

Injury related morbidity, intentional such as Injury related morbidity, intentional such as suicide, and unintentional (poisoning, falls, suicide, and unintentional (poisoning, falls, fire, accidents fire, accidents

Thank You AllThank You All

Any Question ??????Any Question ??????