Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics

Visit the Online Learning Centre at www.mcgrawhill.ca/college/plummer


What is Plate Tectonics?What is Plate Tectonics?How Did the Plate Tectonics Theory Evolve?How Did the Plate Tectonics Theory Evolve?

What is Sea-Floor Spreading?What is Sea-Floor Spreading?How Old is the Sea Floor?How Old is the Sea Floor?

How Do We Know that Plates Move?How Do We Know that Plates Move?How Fast Do Plates Move?How Fast Do Plates Move?

What Are Plates and How Do They Move?What Are Plates and How Do They Move?

Can We Measure Plate Motion Directly?Can We Measure Plate Motion Directly?




What Happens at Plate Boundaries?What Happens at Plate Boundaries?How Do Mountain Ranges Form?How Do Mountain Ranges Form?

What Causes Plate Motions?What Causes Plate Motions?How Do Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots Form?How Do Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots Form?

Why is it Important to Understand Plate Tectonics?Why is it Important to Understand Plate Tectonics?



Major Plates of the World

Figure 2.1



Pangea Breakup andContinental Drift

Figure 2.2



Distribution of Fossilson Gondwana

Figure 2.3



Distribution of LatePaleozoic Glaciations

Figure 2.4



Two Ways of Interpreting Distributionof Ancient Climate Belts

Figure 2.5



Apparent Wandering of South Pole

Figure 2.6



Magnetic Inclination

Figure 2.14



Apparent Position ofNorth Magnetic Pole

Figure 2.15



Apparent Wandering ofNorth Magnetic Pole

Figure 2.16



Jigsaw Fit and Matching Rock TypesBetween South America and Africa

Figure 2.17



Sea-Floor Spreading

Figure 2.18



The Lithosphere

Figure 2.19



Magnetic Reversals

Figure 2.20



Marine Magnetic Anomalies

Figure 2.21



Origin of Magnetic Anomalies

Figure 2.22



Correlation of Magnetic Anomalies withMagnetic Reversals Allows Dating

Figure 2.23



Age of the Sea Floor

Figure 2.24



Possible Explanations for RelationshipBetween Fracture Zones and

Mid-Oceanic Ridge

Figure 2.25



Continental Shelves and Rises

Figure 2.27



East African Rift Valleysand the Red Sea

Figure 2.28



Water Rises Upward to Fill the GapWhen Two Floating Blocks Move Apart

Figure 2.30



Massive Continental Shelf Formed byContinental Breakup and Divergence

Figure 2.31



Mid-Oceanic Range Offset FromFracture Zones

Figure 2.32



Divergent Oceanic Plates CarryMetallic Ores from Rift Valley

Figure 2.35



Transform Boundaries(A) Between 2 Ridges; (B) Between Ridge and Trench; (C)

Between 2 Trenches. (D) San Andreas Fault

Figure 2.36



Divergent Boundaries form Ridge Crests(A) Oceanic Plates; (B) Continental Plates

Figure 2.37



Ocean-Ocean Convergence

Figure 2.38



Distribution of Oceanic Trenches

Figure 2.40



Formation of Andesitic Magma

Figure 2.41



Migration of Trench, Hinge Line,Accretionary Wedge, and Volcanic Arc

Figure 2.42



Ocean-Continent Convergence

Figure 2.43



Continent-Continent Collision

Figure 2.44



Backarc Spreading

Figure 2.45



Causes of Backarc Spreading

Figure 2.46



Metallic Ores Form over Hot Springson Volcanic Arcs

Figure 2.47



Possible Relation of Ore Belts to DepthAlong the Subducton Zone

Figure 2.48



Cross-Section of the Alps

Figure 2.49



Arc-Continent Convergence

Figure 2.50



Geological Evolution of Southern Appalachians

Figure 2.51



The Wilson Cycle

Box 2.2



Schematic Cross-Section Throughthe Cascadia Subduction Zone

Box 2.3



San Andreas Fault

Figure 2.52



Model of Mantle Convection

Figure 2.53



Ridge-Push

Figure 2.54



Slab-Pull

Figure 2.55



Mantle Plumes Rise Upward

Figure 2.57



Distribution of HypothesizedMantle Plumes

Figure 2.58



Continental Breakup Caused by aMantle Plume

Figure 2.59



An Example of Radial Rifts

Figure 2.60



Formation and Reactivation of Rifts andGrabens During the Breakup of Pangea

Box 2.4 – Figure 1



Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben andSt. Lawrence Rift are both Aulacogens Reactivated During Breakup of Pangea




(A) Two Mantle Plumes Beneath Continent(B) Rifts Lengthen and Flood Balasts Erupt; (C) Continent

Splits and Rifts From

Figure 2.61



Sea Floor Moving Over Hot Spot FormsAseismic Ridge as Chain of Volcanoes

Figure 2.62



Ages of Volcanic Rock of the Hawaiian Island Group

Figure 2.63



Distribution of the Major AseismicRidges on the Sea Floor

Figure 2.64



Collision of Two Terranes Forms aMountain Range, Eroded over Time




Central Gneiss Belt and Central Meta-sedimentary Belt Join along the CentralMetasedimentary Belt Boundary Zone




Earthquake Epicentres and BedrockStructures in Southern Ontario




Answers to SelectedTesting Your Knowledge

Questions

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C

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Additional Resources

Student ResourcesStudent ResourcesStudent Online Learning CentreThe robust Student Edition of the Online Learning Centre at www.mcgrawhill.ca/college/plummer features quizzes for study and review, interactive exercises and animation, as well as additional boxed readings, searchable glossary, “Virtual Vista” environments, suggestions for further reading, and much more!

Laboratory ManualThe Lab Manual to accompany Physical Geology and the Environment has been created as a resource for laboratory sessions in physical geology, mirroring the "Inquiry-Based Approach" of the text. Structured on exercises and corresponding background concepts, the lab manual contains student-friendly worksheets, and has been perforated for easy lab use.

Instructor ResourcesInstructor ResourcesInstructor Online Learning CentreThe OLC at www.mcgrawhill.ca/college/plummer includes a password-protected Web site for Instructors. The site offers downloadable supplements and access to PageOut, the McGraw-Hill Ryerson Web site development centre.

Instructor’s Manual – The IM contains a chapter overview, list of changes per chapter, chapter learning objectives, further information on boxed features, short and long discussion/essay questions, and details on additional readings and resources outside the textbook.

Test Bank – Contains a bank of 40-60 multiple-choice and true/false questions per chapter.

Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation – This presentation system offers visual presentations that may be edited and manipulated to fit a particular course format. They also contain selected solutions to the problem material.

TransparenciesA set of more than 200 transparencies tied to the text content are available for instructors.

Documents

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Visit the Online Learning Centre at Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics