Chapter 2 PowerPoint

PC Operating Systems Hardware

Guide to Operating Systems Third Edition

Guide to Operating Systems, Third Edition 2

Objectives

After reading this chapter and completing the exercises you will be able to:

• Explain operating system hardware components

– design type, speed, cache, address bus, data bus, control bus, and CPU scheduling

• Describe basic features and system architecture

• Identify the basic features and characteristics of popular PC operating systems

• Understand how hardware components interact with operating systems


Understanding CPUs• System architecture

– number and type of CPUs in the hardware

– communication routes – buses

• The CPU

– performs the computational and logic work

– Most modern PCs have one such chip - single-processor computers

• There are computers that have multiple CPUs

– Two to 64 or more

– multiprocessor computers


Understanding CPUs (continued)

• CPU hardware elements:

– Design type – Speed

– Cache – Address bus

– Data bus – Control bus

– CPU Scheduling


Design Type

• Two general CPU designs:– CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

– RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

• Main difference– number of different instructions the chip can

process

• Instruction set– the list of commands the CPU can understand and

carry out


Design Type (continued)

• This type of processor is called a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) CPU

• The CISC CPU offers advantages and disadvantages

• Advantage

– need only general-purpose hardware to carry out commands


Design Type (continued)• Disadvantages

– CISC design includes the complexity of hardware needed to perform many functions

– the complexity of on-chip software needed to make the hardware do the right thing

– the need to continually reprogram the on-chip hardware

– complex operations that a CISC CPU carries out slow it down because all sorts of hardware on the chip must be set up to perform specific functions


Design Type (continued)

• The RISC CPU design

– requires very little setup because it has hardware on the chip that is specially designed and optimized to perform particular functions

– pipelining - allows the processor to operate on one instruction at the same time it is fetching one or more subsequent instructions


Design Type (continued)• Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC)

– joint project by Intel and Hewlett Packard

– processor handles massive numbers of operations simultaneously

– enables a single processor to execute as many as 20 operations at a time

• Advantage

– using three instructions per word, EPIC enables the processor to work much faster

– instructions can be combined into instruction groups


Speed

• Internal clock speed is the most obvious indicator

– clock provides this to make sure that all the chips know what to expect at what time

– tells you how many clock pulses, or ticks, are available per second

• External clock speed

– chips also must be able to communicate with the other chips in the computer

– lower clock speed to communicate with the rest of the computer


Cache

• Cache memory built into the CPU chip

– extremely fast—it typically runs at the same speed as the processor—and therefore expensive

– If processor needs a number stored in the cache memory on the CPU, it probably won’t have to wait to obtain that number

– referred to as Level 1 (L1) cache


Cache (continued)

• Some CPUs have one or two more levels of cache memory, which are typically on a separate chip

– Level 2 (L2) cache

– Level 3 (L2) cache

• Cache controller

– predicts what data will be needed, and makes that data available in cache before it is needed


Address Bus

• Address bus

– internal communications pathway It is instrumental in the transfer of data to and from computer memory

– runs at the external clock speed of the CPU


Data Bus

• Data bus

– allows computer components to share information

– number of bits indicates how many bits of data can be transferred from memory to the CPU, or vice versa, in one clock tick

– external clock speed of 1 GHz will have 1 billion ticks per second to the external bus


Control Bus

• The CPU is kept informed of the status of resources and devices connected to the computer

• The most basic information is whether or not a particular resource is active and can be accessed

• Memory read and write status is transported on this bus

• Interrupt Requests (IRQs) are also transported on this bus


Control Bus (continued)

• An IRQ

– request to the processor for a current process, such as a read from a disk drive, to be interrupted by another process, such as a write into memory


CPU Scheduling

• Determine which process to start given the multiple processes waiting to run

• Allows for multithreading

– Ability to run two or more processes at the same time


Popular PC Processors

• These CPUs are:

– Intel

– Intel Itanium

– AMD

– Motorola

– SPARC

– Alpha


Intel

• Most popular CPUs are designed by Intel

• First in this line of processors was the 8088, the CPU found in the original IBM PC

• Next Intel released the Multimedia Extension (MMX)

• Pentium 4 is the presence of two math coprocessing units, called arithmetic logic units (ALUs)


Intel Itanium

• The Intel Itanium processor is a significant departure from previous Intel processors in two aspects:

– built on the RISC-based EPIC architecture and it is a 64-bit chip

– intended for very large-scale operations that match powerful mainframes


AMD and Cyrix

• Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) and

VIA Technologies (Cyrix)

– compete with Intel


Motorola

• Chips are typically found in Macintosh computers

• Line of CISC CPUs is used in many older Macintosh computers, as well as in many UNIX computers


PowerPC

• Developed jointly by IBM, Motorola, and Applet Computer

• These are RISC chips known as the PowerPC line

• Newest chip in the PowerPC line is the G5 (for

5th generation


SPARC

• SPARC processor designed by Sun Microsystems

• SPARC CPUs have gone through many incarnations

– RISC processor is the most popular on the market today

• The UltraSPARC III is the current version of the SPARC processor at this writing


Alpha

• Originally designed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

• Today, the Alpha CPU is found in high-end HP servers

• 64-bit data bus and a 64-bit address bus

• The internal clock speed can be as high as 1 GHz


Popular PC Operating Systems

• Many operating systems available for today’s computers.

• Following slides will briefly describe


MS-DOS and PC DOS

• Microsoft’s original operating system

• DOS is a 16-bit, single-tasking, single-user operating system


Windows 3.x• GUI interface to compete with the Apple

Macintosh

• Released in 1985

• Not well accepted until Windows 3.0 released

• Windows 3.11 is also referred to as Windows for Workgroups (WFW

• WFW is a peer-to-peer network operating system

– each computer on a network can communicate with other computers on the same network


Windows 95

• True 32-bit operating system

• Does not rely on MS-DOS to provide

underlying functionality

• Requires more CPU speed and memory


Windows 95 (continued)

• More advanced functions:– A new GUI

– Plug and Play

– ActiveX and the Component Object Model (COM) capability

– The Registry

– Multitasking

– Enhanced network capabilities


The Windows Desktop

• Windows 95 introduces the GUI, now called the desktop, see Figure 2-3

• Backward compatibility to run old MS-DOS and Windows 3.x programs


Plug and Play

• Plug and Play (PnP)

– automatically detect newly installed hardware


ActiveX and the Component Object Model (COM)

• ActiveX, along with its parent, the Component Object Model (COM)

– standardized way for objects, such as programs, files, computers, printers, control panels, windows, and icons, to communicate with each other

• The COM and ActiveX technologies enable an object to “sense” when it is interacting with other objects

– Mouse, printer, desktop, trash can, or Start menu

• The COM and ActiveX allow you to drag files from one place to another


The Registry

• Database that stores information about hardware and software configurations

• In Windows 95, the Registry is the only correct way to store configuration information


The Registry (continued)• The Registry is a hierarchical database that

provides the following information:– Operating system configuration

– Service and device driver information and configuration

– Static tuning parameters

– Software and application parameters

– Hardware configuration

– Performance information

– Desktop configuration


Multitasking

• Multitasking still performed on a cooperative basis for 16-bit applications, uses preemptive multitasking for 32-bit applications

• Task supervisor

– detects tasks that appear stuck


Enhanced Network and Internet Capabilities

• The networking functionality was completely rewritten

• Network drivers are part of the Windows operating system

• Networking code is written as a 32-bit application

• Integrated with the Internet

• Extensive Internet support, in Web browsers, Web server software

• Dial-Up Networking (DUN)

– used to make connections to remote networks or computers


Windows 98/Me

• Similar to Windows 95

• Many of the problems of Windows 95 are solved

• Includes Registry checks and automatic Registry repair


Windows 98

• The backup mechanisms greatly enhanced

• Changes from Windows 95 to Windows 98 are listed on page 66

• Universal Serial Bus (USB)

– high-speed input/output port

• Uses improved cooperative multitasking for 16-bit applications and preemptive multitasking for 32-bit applications



• ActiveX technology deployed as a standard feature in Windows 98Windows 98 can be updated over the Internet

• Setting up dial-up connections and configuring the computer to use the Internet are simpler


Windows Millennium Edition (Me)

• Windows Millennium Edition (Me) is the last in the 95/98 track

• Windows Me was developed for home computer users

• Infrared Data Association (IrDA)

– support, and implements the enhanced PnP standard, called Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)

• UPnP provides better discovery of new devices


Windows NT• Windows NT 3.1 was released in 1993 and version

3.5 was released in 1994

• Windows NT was an extension to IBM’s high-end operating system, OS/2

– intended to support a client/server networking environment

• Windows NT has gone through many iterations

• Windows NT prior to version 3.51 were not stable or reliable


Windows NT (continued)

• Uses preemptive multitasking

• Employs multithreading

– ability to run two or more program code blocks as threads, at the same time

• NT Workstation can use up to two CPUs

• NT Server can use up to four CPUs

• Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

– All CPUs carry out actions at the same time


NT Server and NT Workstation

• Windows NT Workstation is the operating system for a person who needs a high-end, stable, and secure graphical operating system

• Windows NT Server is designed as a multi-user, server operating system for access over a network


NT Server and NT Workstation (continued)

• The Registry plays an equally important role in Windows NT

• Used as the central repository for configuration, hardware, software, and user information

• Windows NT is designed as a multi-user system


Networking Support

• Supports network connectivity protocols

– IBM mainframes, UNIX computers, Macintosh computers, all Windows-based computers, Novell NetWare servers, etc


Security

• A C2 rating means the Server network operating system provides security:

– File and folder protection

– User accounts and passwords

– File, folder, and account auditing

– File server access protection on a network

– File server management controls


Security (continued)

• The domain is an integral part

• One primary domain controller (PDC)

• The PDC is responsible for keeping usernames and passwords for all users

• Remote Access Service (RAS)

– user information in a PDC can be used to grant or deny various levels of network access


Windows 2000

• More robust operating system

• Significant rewrite of the Windows NT kernel

• Runs about 30% faster than Windows NT

• More advanced networking support, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

• A VPN is a private network that is like a tunnel through a larger network



• Windows 2000 incorporates a wide range of new features, including:

– Active Directory

– Distributed network architecture

– Kerberos security

– IntelliMirror

– Power Management

– International Language Compatibility


Windows 2000 Server and Windows 2000 Professional

• Lower total cost of ownership (TCO)

– total cost of owning a network, including hardware, software, training, maintenance, and user support costs

• Active Directory—a database of computers, users, groups, shared printers, folders, and other network resources



(continued)

• Server supports up to four processors

• Professional supports up to two

• Windows 2000 Server

– offers more services and user connectivity

options



(continued)• These services include the following:

– The capability to handle virtually unlimited numbers of users simultaneously

– Active Directory management

– Network management

– Web-based management services

– Network-wide security management

– Network storage management


Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server,

and Datacenter Server• Windows 2000 Server provides a comprehensive

set of server and Web services

– up to four processor systems

– supports up to 4 GB of RAM

• Advanced Server

– intended for high-end enterprise networks

• Clustering

– technique in which two or more servers are linked to equally share the server processor load


Windows XP and Windows Server 2003

• Windows 2000 evolved into:

– Windows XP

– Windows Server 2003

• New desktop GUI


Windows XP Versions

• Versions:

– Windows XP Home

– Windows XP Professional

– Windows XP Tablet PC

– Windows XP Media Center

– Windows XP 64-bit


Windows XP Home and Professional Editions

• Windows XP stands for “Windows Experience”

– Windows XP Professional

– Windows XP Home Edition

• Windows XP Professional is the upgrade to Windows 2000 Professional

• Ability to create accounts for different users who might use the operating system

• Programs written for Windows 95 may not run in Windows XP


Windows XP Home and Professional Editions

(continued)

• “Experiential” look and feel Control Panel

– designed to reflect the user’s experience of a particular setting

• Windows Classic is another theme that uses the Windows 2000 GUI look


Windows XP Home and Professional Editions (continued)

• New experiential categories are:

– Appearance and Themes

– Network and Internet Connections

– Add or Remove Programs

– Sounds, Speech, and Audio Devices

– Performance and Maintenance

– Printers and Other Hardware

– User Accounts (in Windows XP Professional)

– Date, Time, Language, and Regional Options

– Accessibility Options


Windows XP Tablet PC Edition

• New features:

– Customization

– Tablet PC Input Panel

– Microsoft Windows Journal


Windows XP Media Center Edition

• Enhancements:

– Set-top box Learning Mode

– Build and play your digital music library

– View and share your digital pictures

– Internet and FM radio


Windows XP 64-Bit Edition

• Runs on Intel Itanium processors

• Used for mathematical calculations


Windows Server 2003

• Minor upgrade of Windows 2000, but offer a new desktop GUI

• Capabilities for keeping photo albums, playing music, running video and audio files, playing games, and using other multimedia applications

• Better Internet security

– built-in firewall

– ability to remotely control the computer


UNIX System V Release 4

• Two main design standards

– Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)

– System V Release 4 (SVR 4)

• Linux is a version of UNIX

– free of charge, but some enhanced versions of Linux must be purchased

• Runs on almost any hardware platform

• True multitasking, multi-user operating system

• UNIX typically presents you with a request for a login


UNIX System V Release 4 (continued)

• Username and password determine what privileges you will be granted on the system

• Shell

– levels of functionality

– series of built-in commands

• External commands

– at the command line



• Main commands are the same across the shells

• To see the path of the directory you are in, use pwd command

• GUI interface

– X Windows

– GNOME



• TCP/IP is used on UNIX computers

• Standard UNIX does not provide many network functions

– provided by add-ons

• Standard functions:

– login services

– network connections

– file transfers using File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

– e-mail service, usually the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)



• In Linux, additional standard services include:

– Network File System (NFS)

– support for other network systems

• UNIX is also compatible with databases such as Oracle and Informix


Mac OS

• Unique approach to operating systems

• Mac OS X desktop

• Built on Unix foundation

• Hardware architecture different from other platforms

• Mac OS prior to 8.0 was not multitasking

– task switching with the aid of MultiFinder


Mac OS (continued)

• Network functions in Mac OS are fairly evolved

• Peer-to-peer networking

– standard feature since the beginning

– Uses AppleTalk

• Desktop operating system

– no extended security features


Mac OS (continued)

• Known for its support of graphics, video, and sound capabilities

• Mac OS 9.x

– introduces features for better hardware and Internet access


Mac OS (continued)

• Mac OS X

– X means Version 10

– new interface called the “Aqua” interface

• Some programs and utilities were replaced


NetWare

• Evolved steadily since the late 1970s

• Originally, a time-sharing system

• Now, a full-service server OS

• Most shops run NetWare 5.x or 6.x

• Download screen


NetWare (continued)

• NetWare 6.0

– released late 2001

– server can be added easily to network with Microsoft, UNIX, and other NetWare servers


NetWare (continued)

• NetWare 6.5

– shipped in mid 2003

– open-source enhancements

– includes Apache Web server, MySQL, Tomcat

– Novell’s Virtual Office

– NetWare Administrator console


Summary

• Hardware and operating systems are interrelated

• Processors are much faster and more efficient

• Early computer operating systems were well suited to the early processors, which included the 8088, 8086, and 80286


Summary (continued)

• 32-bit processors provide a foundation for operating systems like Windows XP

• New 64-bit processors have emerged

• Diagnosing computer problems

– know the hardware and operating system requirements

Documents

Chapter 2 PowerPoint