Chapter 2 Primary Production: The Foundation of Ecosystems © 2013 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.…

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Primary Production: The Foundation Primary Production: The Foundation of Ecosystemsof Ecosystems

© 2013 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.From Fundamentals of Ecosystem Science, Weathers, Strayer, and Likens (eds).

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Figure 2.1 Components of productivity; see text for definitions. (Figure modified from Lovett et al. 2006.)


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Figure 2.2 Oxygen dynamics in Peter Lake, a small lake in Michigan, over 48 hours beginning at midnight. Oxygen declines at night are due to respiration and increases during the day are due to photosynthesis. These daily changes in oxygen provide a basis for estimating primary production. (From data from the authors.)


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Figure 2.3 Relationship of net primary production to light for the Hudson River phytoplankton. Parameters are defined in the text. (Redrawn from Cole and Caraco 2006 using additional data from the authors.)


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Figure 2.4 (a) Molar carbon to nitrogen (C:N) and (b) carbon to phosphorus (C:P) ratios of autotrophs from marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Vertical line is the range of ratios for each environment. Number associated with each bar is the mean ratio. Note the log scale. Marine and freshwater ratios are based on samples of suspended particles filtered from water samples that represent a mixture of phytoplankton, other organisms, and detritus. Terrestrial ratios are based on leaves and may not represent an entire plant, especially those with woody structure. (The means and ranges are values presented in Sterner and Elser 2002.)


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Figure 2.5 Responses of primary productivity to (a) iron additions in the Southern Ocean (Boyd et al. 2000), (b) nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a lake (Peter Lake, MI; Carpenter et al. 2005), (c) nitrogen and phosphorus additions to Hawaiian forests growing on substrate (islands) of different ages (ky=thousands of years) (Vitousek 2004), and (d) additions of iron alone and combined with nitrogen and/or phosphorus for water isolated from Lake Erie (North et al. 2007), where letters (A, B, C) over bars indicate statistically different groups.


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Figure 2.6 (a) Mean annual precipitation versus mean ANPP for a range of terrestrial ecosystems and (b) the slopes of the individual relationships of annual precipitation and ANPP for the same terrestrial ecosystems versus mean annual precipitation. (Figure replotted from data in the supplement of Huxman et al. 2004.)


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Figure 2.7 Relative distribution of herbivory as a percent of net primary production for ecosystems dominated by (a) algae, (b) aquatic macrophytes, and (c) terrestrial vegetation. Arrows indicate medians (From Cyr and Pace 1993.)


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Figure 2.8 Global primary production. (From Field et al. 1998.)


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Figure 2.9 Relative fates of primary production to herbivory and detritus for phytoplankton in a freshwater lake (“Lake”), phytoplankton in a marine bay (“Bay”), kelp in a kelp dominated coastal system (“Kelp”), grasses in a grassland (“Grassland”), and trees in a forest (“Forest”). Note in some cases percentages do not add to 100 either because of errors in the estimates or other fates (not presented). (From data provided in Cebrian 1999.)


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Chapter 2 Primary Production: The Foundation of Ecosystems © 2013 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.…