Chapter 2 Section 1- A Changing World. Expanding Horizons (Pages 38–39) A. Marco Polo’s book, Travels, written in 1296–97, described his travels to Asia

Chapter 2 Chapter 2

Section 1- A Changing WorldSection 1- A Changing World

Expanding Horizons Expanding Horizons (Pages 38–39)(Pages 38–39)

A. A. Marco Polo’s book, Marco Polo’s book, TravelsTravels, written in , written in 1296–97, described 1296–97, described his travels to Asia. It his travels to Asia. It inspired Columbus inspired Columbus and other explorers to and other explorers to journey to these lands journey to these lands 200 years later.200 years later.

B. B. The cities of Venice, The cities of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa Genoa, and Pisa became centers of the became centers of the growing trade in growing trade in goods such as spices, goods such as spices, silks, perfumes, and silks, perfumes, and precious stones.precious stones.

Expanding Horizons Expanding Horizons (Pages 38–(Pages 38–39)39)

C. C. The Renaissance, a The Renaissance, a period of renewed period of renewed interest in classical interest in classical Greek and Roman Greek and Roman learning, spread learning, spread throughout Europe in throughout Europe in the 1400s. It the 1400s. It encouraged encouraged Europeans to pursue Europeans to pursue new ideas and new ideas and challenges and set the challenges and set the stage for exploration stage for exploration and discovery.and discovery.

Powerful Nations Emerge Powerful Nations Emerge (Pages 39–(Pages 39–

41)41) A. A. The development of large nation-states in The development of large nation-states in

Western Europe helped spark foreign trade and Western Europe helped spark foreign trade and travel outside the region.travel outside the region.

B. B. The monarchies of Spain, Portugal, England, The monarchies of Spain, Portugal, England, and France looked for ways to increase the and France looked for ways to increase the power and wealth of their countries.power and wealth of their countries.

Technology’s Impact Technology’s Impact (Pages 40–(Pages 40–41)41)

A.A. Better maps and Better maps and navigational navigational instruments, such as instruments, such as the astrolabe and the astrolabe and compass, helped compass, helped navigators more navigators more accurately determine accurately determine direction and location.direction and location.

B. B. Larger and sturdier Larger and sturdier sailing vessels, such as sailing vessels, such as the caravel, enabled the caravel, enabled sailors to travel faster sailors to travel faster and carry more people, and carry more people, cargo, and food.cargo, and food.

Technology’s Impact Technology’s Impact (Pages 40–(Pages 40–41)41)

C. C. These advances enabled sailors to These advances enabled sailors to explore new routes, especially a sea route explore new routes, especially a sea route to Asia. Portugal and Spain began to Asia. Portugal and Spain began searching for routes to Asia and traveled searching for routes to Asia and traveled south to the West Coast of Africa.south to the West Coast of Africa.

African Kingdoms African Kingdoms (Pages 41–(Pages 41–42)42)

A. A. Three West Three West African kingdoms African kingdoms flourished: Ghana, flourished: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.Mali, and Songhai.


B. B. Ghana was a huge Ghana was a huge trading Empire trading Empire between 400 and between 400 and 1100. Its trade in 1100. Its trade in gold and salt gold and salt contributed to its contributed to its prosperity. When prosperity. When Ghana’s power Ghana’s power declined, the declined, the empire saw new empire saw new states emerge.states emerge.


C. C. Mali and its Mali and its capital, Timbuktu, capital, Timbuktu, became important became important Islamic centers. Islamic centers. Mansa Musa, who Mansa Musa, who ruled Mali from ruled Mali from 1312 to 1337, was 1312 to 1337, was its greatest king. He its greatest king. He made a pilgrimage made a pilgrimage to Makkah (also to Makkah (also spelled Mecca), the spelled Mecca), the Muslim holy city.Muslim holy city.


D. D. The Songhai Empire The Songhai Empire rose in the late 1400s rose in the late 1400s and became the largest and became the largest in the history of West in the history of West Africa. Its ruler, Askìya Africa. Its ruler, Askìya Muhammad, Muhammad, encouraged trade with encouraged trade with Europe and Asia and Europe and Asia and introduced to his introduced to his country a legal system, country a legal system, a system of government, a system of government, and schools. The and schools. The empire fell in the late empire fell in the late 1500s when the 1500s when the Moroccans attacked its Moroccans attacked its trade centers.trade centers.

Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Section 2Section 2Early ExplorationEarly Exploration

Seeking New Trade Routes Seeking New Trade Routes (Pages 43–45)(Pages 43–45)

A. A. The Portuguese were the leaders of The Portuguese were the leaders of early exploration. They hoped to find a early exploration. They hoped to find a new route to China and India. They new route to China and India. They also helped to find a more direct way also helped to find a more direct way to get West African gold.to get West African gold.

B. B. Prince Henry of Portugal (also called Prince Henry of Portugal (also called Henry the Navigator) set up a center Henry the Navigator) set up a center for exploration so that scientists could for exploration so that scientists could share their knowledge with share their knowledge with shipbuilders and sailors.shipbuilders and sailors.

C. C. Ships sailed south along the coast of Ships sailed south along the coast of West Africa (also called the Gold West Africa (also called the Gold Coast) where they traded for gold and Coast) where they traded for gold and ivory and began buying slaves in the ivory and began buying slaves in the mid-1400s.mid-1400s.

D. D. In 1487 Bartholomeu Dias explored the In 1487 Bartholomeu Dias explored the southernmost part of Africa. This southernmost part of Africa. This became known as the Cape of Good became known as the Cape of Good Hope. The king of Portugal hoped the Hope. The king of Portugal hoped the passage around the tip of Africa would passage around the tip of Africa would lead to a new route to India.lead to a new route to India.

E. E. In 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed around In 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope. He visited the Cape of Good Hope. He visited East African cities and reached India East African cities and reached India in 1498.in 1498.

Columbus Crosses the Atlantic Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (Pages 45–49)(Pages 45–49)

A. A. The Vikings reached North America and The Vikings reached North America and established settlements in Iceland and Greenland in established settlements in Iceland and Greenland in the 800s and 900s. Viking sailor, Leif Eriksson, the 800s and 900s. Viking sailor, Leif Eriksson, explored land west of Greenland known as Vinland explored land west of Greenland known as Vinland about the year 1000. Historians think that Vinland about the year 1000. Historians think that Vinland was North America. No one is sure what other parts was North America. No one is sure what other parts of North America the Vikings explored.of North America the Vikings explored.

B. B. Queen Isabella of Spain sponsored Columbus on his Queen Isabella of Spain sponsored Columbus on his first voyage in August 1492. He set out with three first voyage in August 1492. He set out with three ships to find a route to Asia. On October 12, 1492, he ships to find a route to Asia. On October 12, 1492, he spotted land, named it San Salvador, and claimed it spotted land, named it San Salvador, and claimed it for Spain. He did not know that he had reached the for Spain. He did not know that he had reached the Americas. He was convinced that he had reached the Americas. He was convinced that he had reached the East Indies.East Indies.


C. C. Columbus made three Columbus made three additional voyages in additional voyages in 1493, 1498, and 1502. 1493, 1498, and 1502. He explored the He explored the Caribbean islands of Caribbean islands of Hispaniola, Cuba, and Hispaniola, Cuba, and Jamaica and sailed Jamaica and sailed along the coasts of along the coasts of Central America and Central America and northern South northern South America. He claimed America. He claimed these lands for Spain.these lands for Spain.


D. D. The Treaty of Tordesillas The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed by Spain and was signed by Spain and Portugal to clarify the line Portugal to clarify the line of demarcation between of demarcation between their lands in the their lands in the Americas. The treaty Americas. The treaty moved the line farther moved the line farther west so that Portugal west so that Portugal would not be at a would not be at a disadvantage. Spain was to disadvantage. Spain was to have control of all the have control of all the lands to the west of the lands to the west of the line, and Portugal was to line, and Portugal was to have control of all the have control of all the lands to the east of the lands to the east of the line.line.


E. E. Amerigo Vespucci mapped South America’s Amerigo Vespucci mapped South America’s coastline in 1499. He concluded South America was coastline in 1499. He concluded South America was a continent, but not part of Asia. European a continent, but not part of Asia. European geographers called the continent America, in honor geographers called the continent America, in honor of Amerigo Vespucci.of Amerigo Vespucci.

F. F. Vasco Núñez de Balboa claimed the Pacific and Vasco Núñez de Balboa claimed the Pacific and adjoining lands for Spain.adjoining lands for Spain.

G. G. Ferdinand Magellan, sailing from Spain in 1519, Ferdinand Magellan, sailing from Spain in 1519, found a passage to the Pacific, the Strait of found a passage to the Pacific, the Strait of Magellan. Magellan sailed around South America Magellan. Magellan sailed around South America and toward Spain. Magellan was killed in an island and toward Spain. Magellan was killed in an island battle along the way, but a small number of his crew battle along the way, but a small number of his crew made it all the way to Spain. The crew became the made it all the way to Spain. The crew became the first to circumnavigate the world.first to circumnavigate the world.

Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Section 3Section 3Spain in AmericaSpain in America

Spanish Conquistadors Spanish Conquistadors (Pages 51–(Pages 51–53)53)

A. A. Conquistadors were Conquistadors were explorers who settled in the explorers who settled in the Americas. They received Americas. They received land grants from Spanish land grants from Spanish rulers in exchange for one-rulers in exchange for one-fifth of gold or treasure fifth of gold or treasure taken from the Americas.taken from the Americas.

B. B. In 1521 Hernán Cortés In 1521 Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec capital conquered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán. He took of Tenochtitlán. He took their emperor Montezuma their emperor Montezuma prisoner and gained control prisoner and gained control of the region.of the region.

C. C. Francisco Pizarro captured Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca ruler Atahualpa in the Inca ruler Atahualpa in 1532 and later gained 1532 and later gained control of the Inca Empire.control of the Inca Empire.

Spanish Conquistadors Spanish Conquistadors (Pages 51–(Pages 51–53)53)

D. D. The Spanish The Spanish conquistadors conquistadors conquered great Native conquered great Native American empires with American empires with their strong armies their strong armies using guns, cannons, using guns, cannons, and horses. The and horses. The invaders also received invaders also received the help of the Native the help of the Native Americans in Americans in overthrowing many overthrowing many existing rulers. Because existing rulers. Because the Native Americans the Native Americans had no immunity to had no immunity to European diseases, European diseases, many of them became many of them became sick and died.sick and died.

Spain in North AmericaSpain in North America (Pages (Pages 53–55)53–55)

A. A. Spanish conquistadors Spanish conquistadors also explored the also explored the southeastern and southeastern and southwestern parts of southwestern parts of North America in hopes North America in hopes of finding riches.of finding riches.

B. B. Juan Ponce de León Juan Ponce de León landed on the east coast landed on the east coast of present-day Florida of present-day Florida in 1513, looking for in 1513, looking for gold and the “fountain gold and the “fountain of youth.” In 1565 the of youth.” In 1565 the first Spanish settlement first Spanish settlement in the United States, a in the United States, a fort, was established at fort, was established at St. Augustine, Florida.St. Augustine, Florida.


C. C. Many conquistadors Many conquistadors searched for wealth and searched for wealth and the “Seven Cities of the “Seven Cities of Cibola.” Some lost their Cibola.” Some lost their lives as they searched lives as they searched for these cities because for these cities because of stormy weather, lack of stormy weather, lack of supplies, and illness.of supplies, and illness.

D. D. Álvar Núñez Cabeza Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Pánfelo de de Vaca and Pánfelo de Narváez explored Narváez explored Florida and the coast of Florida and the coast of Mexico.Mexico.


E. E. In 1541 Hernando de In 1541 Hernando de Soto explored the Soto explored the southeastern region of southeastern region of North America. He North America. He crossed the Mississippi crossed the Mississippi River and traveled as far River and traveled as far west as present-day west as present-day Oklahoma.Oklahoma.

F. F. Francisco Vásquez de Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled Coronado traveled through northern Mexico through northern Mexico and present-day Arizona and present-day Arizona and New Mexico. In 1540 and New Mexico. In 1540 he reached a town he reached a town belonging to the Zuni belonging to the Zuni people, but found no people, but found no gold.gold.

Spanish Rule Spanish Rule (Pages 54–(Pages 54–56)56)

A. A. The Spanish The Spanish established three established three kinds of settlements kinds of settlements in the Americas.in the Americas.

1. 1. Pueblos or towns Pueblos or towns were centers of trade.were centers of trade.

2. 2. Missions were Missions were religious religious communities.communities.

3. 3. Presidios were Presidios were forts and usually built forts and usually built near a mission.near a mission.


B. B. The hierarchy of the social classes from The hierarchy of the social classes from upper to lower included:upper to lower included:1. 1. peninsulares peninsulares who owned land, ran the who owned land, ran the local government, and served in the local government, and served in the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.2. 2. creoles, or people born in the Americas creoles, or people born in the Americas to Spanish parents.to Spanish parents.3. 3. mestizos, or people with both Spanish mestizos, or people with both Spanish and Native American parents.and Native American parents.4. 4. Native Americans.Native Americans.5. 5. enslaved Africans.enslaved Africans.


C. C. The Spanish developed a system of The Spanish developed a system of encomiendas that created enslaved Native encomiendas that created enslaved Native Americans. A conquistador could demand Americans. A conquistador could demand taxes and labor from the Native taxes and labor from the Native Americans living on the land. Many Native Americans living on the land. Many Native Americans died from malnutrition and Americans died from malnutrition and disease because of this grueling labor. disease because of this grueling labor. Bartolomé de Las Casas, a priest, Bartolomé de Las Casas, a priest, condemned this harsh treatment and condemned this harsh treatment and fought against it. As a result, Spain fought against it. As a result, Spain passed the New Laws in 1542 that passed the New Laws in 1542 that forbade enslaving Native Americans.forbade enslaving Native Americans.


D. D. The Spanish also developed the The Spanish also developed the plantation system or large estate. The plantation system or large estate. The Spanish used Native Americans to Spanish used Native Americans to work on the plantations, but in the work on the plantations, but in the mid-1500s, Africans were transported mid-1500s, Africans were transported from West Africa to replace enslaved from West Africa to replace enslaved Native Americans. As a result, slave Native Americans. As a result, slave labor became an essential part of the labor became an essential part of the Spanish and Portuguese economies.Spanish and Portuguese economies.

Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Section 4Section 4

Exploring North AmericaExploring North America

A Divided Church A Divided Church (Pages (Pages 58–59)58–59)

A. A. Martin Luther brought about Martin Luther brought about changes in Europe in the 1500s changes in Europe in the 1500s with his opposition to with his opposition to Catholicism. His protests Catholicism. His protests began the Protestant began the Protestant Reformation.Reformation.

B. B. In France, John Calvin, a In France, John Calvin, a Christian theologist, broke Christian theologist, broke away from the Catholic Church.away from the Catholic Church.

C. C. For personal reasons, King For personal reasons, King Henry VIII established England Henry VIII established England as a Protestant nation.as a Protestant nation.

D. D. When Europeans settled in When Europeans settled in America, they brought with America, they brought with them their religious beliefs of them their religious beliefs of either Catholicism or either Catholicism or Protestantism.Protestantism.

Economic Rivalry Economic Rivalry (Pages (Pages 59–62)59–62)

A. A. The exploration of the The exploration of the Americas created rivalries Americas created rivalries between European countries to between European countries to acquire colonies there. These acquire colonies there. These colonies provided resources colonies provided resources and a market to sell European and a market to sell European products.products.

B. B. The Columbian Exchange was The Columbian Exchange was a two-way exchange between a two-way exchange between the Americas and Europe, Asia, the Americas and Europe, Asia, or Africa. The exchange or Africa. The exchange included crops, livestock, and included crops, livestock, and other goods for enslaved other goods for enslaved Africans who worked on the Africans who worked on the plantations. Disease was a plantations. Disease was a result of this exchange since result of this exchange since Native Americans did not have Native Americans did not have the immunity to fight off the immunity to fight off European germs.European germs.


C. C. England, France, and the Netherlands England, France, and the Netherlands searched for a more direct route to Asia to searched for a more direct route to Asia to compete with Spain and Portugal, who had compete with Spain and Portugal, who had claimed most of the Americas. This became claimed most of the Americas. This became known as the Northwest Passage. Instead of known as the Northwest Passage. Instead of traveling around South America, they sailed traveling around South America, they sailed along the northern coast to North America.along the northern coast to North America.

D. D. John Cabot probably landed on the coast of John Cabot probably landed on the coast of Newfoundland in 1497. England was then Newfoundland in 1497. England was then able to establish claims in North America.able to establish claims in North America.


E. E. Giovanni de Varranzo Giovanni de Varranzo sailed for France in sailed for France in 1524 and explored the 1524 and explored the coast of North America coast of North America from present-day Nova from present-day Nova Scotia south to the Scotia south to the Carolinas.Carolinas.

F. F. Jacques Cartier also Jacques Cartier also sailed for France. He sailed for France. He sailed up the St. sailed up the St. Lawrence River and Lawrence River and founded Mont-Royal founded Mont-Royal (Montreal).(Montreal).


G. G. Henry Hudson sailed for the Dutch. He Henry Hudson sailed for the Dutch. He discovered the Hudson River in 1609. He discovered the Hudson River in 1609. He sailed as far north as Albany. In 1610 he sailed as far north as Albany. In 1610 he discovered Hudson Bay, thinking that he discovered Hudson Bay, thinking that he had reached the Pacific Ocean. He and his had reached the Pacific Ocean. He and his crew were unsuccessful in finding an outlet.crew were unsuccessful in finding an outlet.

H. H. In the 1600s France and the Netherlands In the 1600s France and the Netherlands set up trading posts in the Americas. They set up trading posts in the Americas. They were interested in economic opportunities, were interested in economic opportunities, not building an empire.not building an empire.


I. I. Samuel de Champlain established a Samuel de Champlain established a trading post for fur trading in Quebec and trading post for fur trading in Quebec and other parts of Canada. The Dutch other parts of Canada. The Dutch established trading posts along the established trading posts along the Hudson River.Hudson River.

Documents

Chapter 2 Section 1- A Changing World. Expanding Horizons (Pages 38–39) A. Marco Polo’s book, Travels, written in 1296–97, described his travels to Asia