Terminology Element A pure substance that consist entirely of
one type of atom Ex. Gold (Au) Isotope Atoms of the same element
that differ in the number of neutrons they contain Ex. Carbon-12
and Carbon-14 Compound A substance formed by the chemical
combination of two or more elements Ex. Salt (NaCl) Molecule Two or
more atoms held together by covalent bonds Ex. Water (H2O)
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Atomic Bonding Ion Any atom with a charge due to the loss or
gain of electrons Ex. Hyrdoxide (OH - ) Ionic Bond a bond
characterized by the TRANSFER of electrons from one atom to another
Covalent Bond a bond characterized by the SHARING of electrons
between two atoms
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Dogs Teaching Chemistry
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van der Walls Forces Slight attraction that develops between
oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
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Skill Check What is the biggest difference between an electron
and a proton or neutron, other than charge or location? Where are
protons and neutrons located in an atom? What is another name for
the outermost electron shell? What is the difference between an
ionic bond and a covalent bond? Why can geckos scale walls like
Spider-Man?
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Properties of Water
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Universal Solvent because water is a polar molecule (Solution,
solute, solvent) Cohesion because of hydrogen bonding (water
molecules like to stick together) Adhesion Water likes to stick to
other things (meniscus) Surface Tension Top layer of molecules is
more attracted to itself than air High Heat Capacity Temperature
stabalizer, not a good conductor
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Acids, Bases and pH Acid compound that releases a proton (H+)
when it dissolves in water Base compound that takes up a proton
(H+) when it dissolves in water pH a universal scale measuring the
H+ concentration of solutions
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Chapter 2.3 Carbon Compounds
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Skills Check What is an element? What is the difference between
a molecule and a compound? What is a covalent bond? What is are the
outermost electrons called? What is the Octet Rule?
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Intro to Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry is a branch of
science dedicated solely to the study of the carbon atom. Carbon
atoms have 4 valence electrons. Carbon can form millions of
different molecules, in a variety of shapes.
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Intro to Macromolecules Macromolecules are giant molecules made
from hundreds or thousands of smaller molecules. The smaller
molecules are referred to as monomers. Monomers join together to
make polymers. The process by which monomers join to make polymers
is called polymerization.
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Macromolecule Groups Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids
Proteins
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Group Time Please split up into 4 groups. You will be handed a
worksheet pertaining to one of the four groups of macromolecules.
Using your book, take a few minutes to finish the worksheet as a
group. Nominate one or two presenters to come up to the board and
teach the rest of the class what you have learned about your
macromolecule.
Chemical Reactions Chemical Reaction Process that changes one
set of chemicals (the reactants) into another set of chemicals (the
products) Ex. 2H + O H 2 0 Oxidation reactions are slow, other
reactions are faster (think explosions) All chemical reactions
involve the breaking and forming of bonds
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How do Chemical Reactions Start? Some are spontaneous
Spontaneous reactions release energy
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How do Chemical Reactions Start? Some are not These reactions
require the input of energy to begin (referred to as Activation
Energy)
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Where Can We Get Some Activation Energy? From Catalysts, of
course! Any substance that speeds up a reaction is called a
Catalyst. Examples of catalysts:
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Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts inside the
body. Enzymes are specialized to work best at a certain pH and a
certain temperature. Every enzyme has an active site where
substrates can attach or bind
