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Chapter 20
Four presidents “squeezed” into office Control of the House of Representatives
changed five times 7 western states admitted to Union Incredible voter turnout Two major issues
Economic Reform Civil Service Reform
Political statement Prevailing political ideologies Campaign tactics Party patronage
REPUBLICANS DEMOCRATS
“bloody shirt” Rural and small town
NE, PA, and mid-west Platform
High tariff Commitment to Union
widow’s pensions No right of government
to regulate corporations
Leaders Rutherford B. Hayes James Garfield Chester Arthur William McKinley
Revival South, Urban areas,
Immigrants Against tariff Opposed prohibition Defended
immigrants Republican programs
excessive use of government
Leaders Grover Cleveland
Return of Virtue Not connected with
Grant, corruption Lemonade Lucy
Hayes “Achievements” End of Reconstruction Civil Service reform
NY Custom house Stalwarts success
1870s question How to create money
supply without inflation Only “trustworthy”
money silver and gold Groups
Expansion of supply Debtors, farmers
Limiting supply Bankers, creditors,
businessmen, politicians Questions
Should greenbacks be retained, even expanded?
Panic of 1873
Greenback Party 1877 Wanted expanded
money supply Benefits for farmers
and workers Health and safety
regulations in the workplace
Supported by labor Return of prosperity =
decline of the party Silver Debate
continued Demonetized in 1873 Bland-Allison Act 1878 Sherman Silver
Purchase Act of 1890
Republican Civil service reform
Rival of Roscoe Conkling
Ended spoils system in NY
Martyr for reform movement
Shot in first year of term
Continued civil service reform 1883 Civil Service
Law (Pendleton Act) Approves
development of modern navy
Begins to question tariff
Not re-nominated by Republican party
Republican James Blaine Gilded Age
controversy Democrat
Grover Cleveland Fought bosses and
spoils system Illegitimate child Mugwamps and
Tammany Hall Cleveland Wins!
Tariff Believed in limited
government Wants lower tariff Government surplus
encouraged pork-barrel spending and corruption
Pensions Vetoed bill for disabled
Civil War vets Business
Interstate Commerce Act 1887 First attempt to regulate
business
Cleveland Benjamin Harrison
Argued lower tariff would hurt business prosperity
Results Harrison’s big
business support too much to overcome
“Take care of the place, we’ll be back”
Passed McKinley Protective Tariff 1890 No foreign competition
Highest rates ever US Business happy
People were not Passed pension for Civil
War vets in 1890 Almost bankruptcy
treasury 1st Billion dollar
Congress Sherman Anti-trust Sherman Silver
Purchase Act
Grange Farming a bust in mid-
west “patrons of
husbandry” 1.5 Million members Emotional support,
information, biweekly gatherings
Concern Believed plight was due
to freight rates, excessive interest rates, and federal policies
Attacked railroads Munn v. Illinois 1877 Wasbash v. Illinois 1886
Failure Rails too popular Cash-only issue Goal unrealistic
Complaints Farmers have no
control over prices of their crops
Railroads controlled where crop transported
Alliance Movement Began in Texas, 1870s
Poor farmers Spread throughout South
Initially advocated Co-ops Exchanges loan $ to
farmers and sell their produced
1890: 3 million members Became political
Stressed economic reform Macune’s Ideas
Store non-perishables in government warehouses and low-interest loans
Grew from Alliance movement Economic upheavals at
mercy of eastern banks, manufacturing monopolies, eastern railroad trusts, and depression
Beliefs National ownership of
railroads and telegraphs System for keeping non-
perishable crops Graduated income tax
Platform Speech Omaha Speech Direct popular election State laws initiated
through referendums
Collapse of railroad over speculation
Government resources drained Vet’s benefits/pork-
barrel spending Sherman Silver
Purchase Act Panic will last 4 years
Campaign Reduce tariff Laissez-faire government
Panic Worst depression Money debate again
Cleveland supported gold standard
Repealed Silver purchase act Downfall
Pullman Strike Reaction
Pawn of Industrialists To save gold reserve, went to
J.P Morgan Borrowed $62 million Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894
Income tax of 2% Pollack v. Farmers Loan and
Trust
Protests 1884 Mid-term reelection of
Democrats a disaster Issue: Money
Democratic Split Silver William J. Bryan Populist support
Republicans Triumph William McKinley Mark Hanna “king
maker” Front-porch campaign 1st modern campaign
Mass media blitz
Consequences of Election Populist demise Urban domination of
politics Beginning of modern
politics Tariff
Dingley Tariff 1897 New all-time high rates Ok b/c of economic
recovery Gold in Alaska
Currency Act 1900 Committed US to gold
standard
Expansionism Cuba Philippines
Death Murdered at World’s
Fair Severe consequences
Roots 1840s Manifest Destiny 1880s US “Global
Destiny” Europe takes the lead
1884 dividing of Africa Asia
Navy Alfred T. Mahan 1890
Religion Spread Christianity Racist tinge
Supporters of Expansion 1890’s patriots “jingoism” Henry Cabot Lodge Teddy Roosevelt
Skirmishes US v. Great Britain
Bering Sea Canada 1898
Latin America Chile 1891 Venezuela 1895
Pacific Expansion Samoan Islands 1889 Hawaii
Sugar plantations control 1887
Queen Liliuokalani Annexation “requested”
1893 Cleveland balks McKinley annexes 1898
Crisis Rebellion 1895 Concentration camps
Yellow Journalism William Randolph-Hearst
Frederic Remington “You furnish me the pictures,
I’ll furnish the war” Joseph Pulitzer
Resolution? I think not. Attempt 1897 De Lome Letter 1898 USS Maine 1898
270 died War message Teller Amendment
Spanish-American War “splendid little war” Battle: short
Dewey: Philippines Black soldiers segregated
Fought with distinction Cuba: Santiago de Cuba
Rough Riders Deaths
379 deaths 5,000 to disease, food
poisoning Armistice July 17 Results
20 Million Philippines, Guam, Puerto
Rico Platt Amendment 1901
Critics Anti-Imperialists
Stepping stones to the Pacific
Guerilla War Difficult Long, costly war Civilians suffered
Expansion and Progression US expansionism
buoyed Economic
modernization of the Philippines
Return of Democrat Rule Loss of voting rights Return of segregation lynching
No help Alliance movement AFL Supreme Court
Civil Rights Act 1875 nullified
Civil Rights Cases 1883 Plessey V. Ferguson 1896
Response Kansas Exodus
1879-1880 40-60,000 Benjamin “Pap”
Singleton Booker T.
Washington Blacks must acquire
useful skills like farming and carpentry to prove economic value
Don’t join Unions Racism would fade
