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7/24/2019 Chapter 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals
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Metallurgy and theChemistry of Metals
Chapter 20
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission reuired for reproduction or display.
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! mineralis a naturally occurring su"stance with a range of
chemical compositions.
!n oreis a mineral deposit concentrated enough to allow
economical reco#ery of a desired metal.
Metallurgyis the science and technology of separating metals
from their ores and of compounding alloys.
!n alloyis a solid solution either of two or more metals, or of a
metal or metals with one or more nonmetals.
$eco#ery of a metal from its ore%
&. Preparation of the ore'. Production of the metal
(. Purification of the metal
').&
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7/24/2019 Chapter 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals
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Metals and Their *est-+nown Minerals
').'
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Production of Metals
$oasting
CaC(s Ca s/ C'g
'P"0 s/ ('g 'P" s/ '0'g
Chemical $eduction
TiCl1g/ 'Mg l Ti s/ 'MgCl'l
Cr'(s/ '!l s 'Cr l/ !l'(s
2(s/ (H'g 2 s/ (H' g
3lectrolytic $eduction
'M l 'M at cathode/ 'at anode
'MCl l 'M at cathode/ Cl'at anode
').'
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7/24/2019 Chapter 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals
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*last 4urnace for
Producing Iron
').'
reduction process
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0teel Manufacturing #ia the 5ygen Process
o5idation process
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Purification of Metals
6istillation
7i s/ 1C g 7iC1g8) )C
7iC1g 7i s/ 1C g')) )C
3lectrolysis
Cu simpure Cu'/aq/ 'e-
Cu'/aq/ 'e- Cu spure
9one refining
').'
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9one $efining of Metals
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In band theory of conductivity, delocali:ed electrons mo#e
freely through ;"ands< formed "y o#erlapping molecular or"itals.
Mg &s''s''p=(s'or >7e?(s'
e-e-
').(
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3nergy Gaps *etween @alence and Conduction *ands in
Metals, 0emiconductors and Insulators
e-
e-
').(
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0emiconductors
0i
>7e?(s'(p'
n-type semiconductordonor impurities
P
>7e?(s'
(p(
p-type semiconductoracceptor impurities
*
>7e?(s'
(p&
').(
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Increasing Metallic Character
IncreasingMetallicCharacter
').1
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').A
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!lBali Metals ns&, n '
M M
/&
/ &e
-
'Ms/ 'H'l 'MHaq/ H'g
'Ms/ 'g M's
Increasin
greacti#ity
').A
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!lBaline 3arth Metals ns', n '
M M/'/ 'e-
*es/ 'H'l 7o $eaction
Increasingrea
cti#ity
Mgs/ H'g Mg s/ H'g
Ms/ 'H'l MH'aq/ H'g M Ca, 0r, or *a
').=
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!luminum
Impure !l'(s/ 'H-aq '!l'
-aq/ H' l
!l'-s/ H(
/aq !lH(s
'!lH(s !l'(s/ (H' g
!node%
Cathode%
(>''- 'g/ 1e-?
1>!l(// (e- !l l?
'!l'( 1!l l/ ('g
').8
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Chemistry In Action:$ecycling !luminum