Chapter 20Miss Isler

World History I

What were the major factors of the French state that led to the French Revolution?

Estates= social classes1. First Estate= Roman Catholic Clergy2. Second Estate= nobles3. Third Estate= commoners

All three estates met as the Estates General- think Parliament

Catholic Church held 10% of all land in France

Higher in the church, wealthier Regular French Priests had no money Paid no direct taxes to the government.

Instead, gave government about 2% of their income as a “free gift”

Nobles made up less than 2% of France’s population

Owned 20% of land Held highest jobs- government, courts of

law, army, etc. Refused to pay taxes

98% of France Within the Third Estate:

Bourgeoisie- city middle class; lawyers, doctors, merchants, bankers, shopkeepers. Educated, believed in Enlightenment ideals. As rich as nobles, but treated like peasants

Urban lower class; butchers, peddlers, cooks, servants;

Peasant farmers; 4/5th of France’s population; paid half of their income in taxes. Had to also pay in work- work without pay for the government

Most people ate 3 pounds of bread a day, nothing else- if cost of bread rose, hungry mobs attacked sellers of bread

Indecisive Wife- Marie Antoinette Married when they

were 15, 14 Louis in debt-

borrowed to help American revolution

Avoided bankruptcy by taxing the nobles, but nobles refused to pay unless the king called a meeting of the Estates General, which had not met since 1614

Marie Antoinette immediately disliked by people of France because her mother was Maria Theresa of Austria- France’s longtime enemy

Unpopular due to her habit of spending while the rest of France went hungry

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLJ1vuUWprA

First and Second Estates had run the General Estates in the past and their votes counted more than the Third Estate- Third Estate hoped this would change now

King sided with the Nobles- so Third Estates not happy

Third Estate changed its name, now National Assembly- said end to absolute monarchy and beginning of representative government Beginning of the Revolution

Louis XVI tried to make peace with the National Assembly (Third Estate)- brought Swiss troops to help him

At same time, bread price increased- riots in Paris

Mobs stormed the Bastille in order to gain gunpowder to defend themselves against the Monarchy and the Swiss Troops

Militarily- forced Louis to give up his plan of bringing his foreign troops into the city

Politically- reduced the king’s power and saved the National Assembly

July 14- day of “Independence” in France

Rumors of a plot against common people spread

Wave of panic- Great Fear- swept and people banded together

In Bands, people ransacked houses and burned legal papers saying peasants had to pay feudal taxes

October 1789- Parisian women rioted over price of bread Marched to Versailles Forced the Monarchs to move to Paris- they never

saw Versailles again

What were the major factors of the French state that led to the French Revolution?

How did the French Revolution bring both reform and terror to the people of France?

National Assembly voted to end feudalism, serfdom, church tithes, and special privileges of nobles and clergy

Declaration of the Rights of Man National Assembly’s set of revolutionary ideas

“Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.”

King against it

Activity

National Assembly created a constitutional monarchy, where an elected assembly held lawmaking power

King and his ministers still held executive power

Catholic Church lost its land and political independence

National Assembly stepped down, in came the Legislative Assembly

Legislative Assembly split into 3 groups- all sit together, not much communication with all 3 Conservative (sat on the right in the

Assembly)- did not want change, liked the king. Wanted a return to the Old Regime

Moderates- Radicals (sat on the left in the Assembly)-

more changes, hated the king

At war with Austria at same time Enemy armies advanced to Paris Prussian army (enemy) threatened to

destroy France if Revolutionaries harmed any member of the royal family

This statement provoked the mob in Paris 70,000 people surged into Paris and

imprisoned Louis and Marie Antoinette

New government- National Convention (took over for Legislative Assembly)

Jacobins- club that wanted to remove the king and establish a republic Leaders were Marat and Danton Wanted a more violet revolution

National Convention: abolished the monarchy Established a republic All men could vote/hold office. Women could not

Executed by the guillotine

Jacobin leader Ruled as a dictator- accusers

of treason were tried in the morning, guillotined in the afternoon

His term was called “The Reign of Terror”

Marie Antoinette died under his rule

Killed revolutionaries for not being radical enough

At least 3,000 people killed, some think 40,000

Those who feared him went against him Within 2 days he was on the guillotine Moderates of the National Convention

were tired of the Terror- needed more stability

Drafted a new constitution, made a legislative body known as the Directory

Directory found someone to run the army- Napoleon Bonaparte

How did the French Revolution bring both reform and terror to the people of France?

How was Napoleon able to conquer Europe?

Called Savior of the French Republic for protecting the National Convention from violent royalists

Gained national recognition by 1790s The Directory was losing power by 1799,

and gave their power to Bonaparte and 2 others

Bonaparte assumed dictatorial powers as the First Consul of the French Republic- seizure of power known as a coup- “stroke of state”

Pretended to be the constitutionally chosen leader of a free republic

Asked the people to approve a new constitution- held a plebiscite- an election in which all citizens vote yes or no Showed that the people wanted stability in

power In 1802 another plebiscite made him First

Consul for life 1804 Napoleon made himself Emperor

French Republic dead because he is Emperor

Slowed inflation by balancing the government’s budget and setting up a national bank

Promoted people according to merit, not according to family- made bourgeoisie happy

Recognized Catholicism as France’s religion But everyone free to worship as they pleased

Established the three estates of the Old Regime

Granted equal rights before the law to people of all classes

Women could not hold property Napoleon could censor newspapers All laws applied to everyone- except

Napoleon Absolute Power

Wanted to modernize Europe- meaning, everyone follow his rules

Held all of Europe except Britain, Russia, Ottoman Empire, and Sweden

Ended the Holy Roman Empire by forcing the last emperor to step down

French Empire only held together for 5 years (1807-1812)

How was Napoleon able to conquer Europe?

How did Napoleon’s Empire Collapse?

Set up a blockade against British trade- did not allow anyone to import/export

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072957549/student_view0/chapter29/interactive_map_quiz.html

Interactive map of empire

Napoleon made his brother, Joseph, king of Spain

Guerillas- peasant fighters- struck French armies in Spain because of this Ambushed French troops then fled into hiding Napoleon could not fight them very well British aided the Spanish

Czar Alexander I refused to stop selling grain to Britain- Napoleon angered

Napoleon invaded Russia Scorched-earth policy= Russians burned

their land/livestock instead of leaving it for the French

Hurt the French so badly- only 10,000 or originally 400,0000 were able to fight once they turned back home

Russia, Prussia, and Austria marched into Paris Napoleon wanted to fight, but general said no Gave him a pension and exiled, or banished,

Napoleon to Elba He escaped from Elba, and was welcomed back

to France by thousands Within days, Emperor again Fought the British at the Battle of Waterloo but

army too exhausted and lost. Napoleon was a British prisoner and exiled to the South Atlantic

How did Napoleon’s Empire Collapse?