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Chapter 20
The Heart
Position of the Heart
Mediastinum
Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart Surface
Human heart
Heart Posterior
Heart Interior
Human Heart Interior
Surface of Valves
Valves
Circulation
Circulation
Coronary Arteries
The Echo Image
Echo Images
Echo - Doppler
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Coronary Veins
Human Heart
Heart Tissue
Conduction System
Pacemakers
• Located in the right chest wall, a catheter is threaded through the subclavian vein, into the brachiocephalic vein, into the superior vena cava , then into the right atrium.
• The pacemaker overrides the impulse from the SA node.
Action Potentials
Action Potential – Ventricle
P= wave from SA node through atria
QRS = ventricular depolarization
T wave = ventricular repolarization
P-Q interval = time from atria contraction to beginning of ventricular contraction.
Q-T interval = ventricular depolarization to repolarization.
Note:Systole
& Diastole
Heart Valve Locations
Cardiac Output
CO = SV x HR
SV = ml/beatHR = Heart Rate
Cardiac Output Affected By
• Frank-Starling Law / Marey’s Law
• Cardiac Reserve (Max CO – CO at rest)
• Contractility (hormones, drugs, sympathetic reactions, etc.
• Afterload (remaining blood in ventricles)
• Congestive heart failure
Regulation of Heart RateAffected/Monitored by:
• Cardiovascular center (sympathetic and parasympathetic systems)
• Proprioceptors• Chemoreceptors• Baroreceptors• Blood pH• Hormones• Ions• Age, gender, temp, etc.
Nervous System Control
Risk Factors for CAD
• High blood cholesterol
• High blood pressure
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Diabetes mellitus
• Type “A” personality
• Sedentary lifestyle
Cardiac Catherization
Terms to Know
• Fossa Ovalis
• Coronary artery disease
• Arteriosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis
• PTCA
• Ischemia
• Myocardial infarction
More Terms
• Hypoxia
• Angina pectoris
• Coarctation of the aorta
• Arrhythmia
• Heart Block
• Flutter and fibrillation
• Bradycardia and tachycardia
More Terms
• Cardiac arrest• Cardiomegaly• Cor pulmonale• Palpitation• Asystole• Endocarditis / myocarditis• Mitral valve prolapse• Auscultation