Chapter 20 We Shall Overcome From Slavery to Freedom 9 th ed.
Slide 2 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2
Woman carried to police patrol wagon during demonstration in
Brooklyn, New York, 1963 Slide 3 We Shall Overcome Civil rights
movement protracted struggle with four identifiable, overlapping
segments Labor activism Legal activism Nonviolent mass direct
action Assertions of black self-determination 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Slide 4 Introducing
Nonviolent Direct Action CORE Activism Core activists influenced by
A. J. Muste, who championed Gandhis civil disobedience model
Organized an integrated group on a journey of reconciliation
Protesting southern bus companies refusal to allow integrated
seating required by the Supreme Courts Morgan decision Goal to
educate black communities along route about decision 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Slide 5
Introducing Nonviolent Direct Action The Journey of Reconciliation
Eight black men and eight white men volunteered for trip; practiced
nonviolence Black volunteers instructed to take front seats; white
volunteers back 12 arrested Demonstrated lack of knowledge of
Supreme Court decision Covered extensively by black papers and
hardly at all by white papers 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. 5 Slide 6 Anatomy of the Montgomery Movement
The Role of the Boycott Montgomery boycott first successful example
of mass nonviolent resistance Indigenous movement of black people
of all classes and ages led by Martin Luther King, Jr. King
emphasized nonviolence as guiding credo of moral courage and as a
strategy for winning nations sympathy Formation of new civil rights
organization that relied on religious faith and institutions for
backing 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6
Slide 7 7 Rosa Parks being fingerprinted after her arrest for
refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus, December 1955
Slide 8 Anatomy of the Montgomery Movement The Arrest of Rosa Parks
Arrested on December 1, 1955 for refusing to give up her seat to a
white man In months before arrest, four other black women had been
arrested for similar offenses on citys bus system Parks had two
decades of civil rights credentials; her arrest united Montgomerys
black community Idea of boycott quickly translated into action
30,000 leaflets printed announcing rally and boycott 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Slide 9 Anatomy
of the Montgomery Movement The Leadership of Martin Luther King,
Jr. King selected to lead the boycott efforts coordinated by the
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) MIA adopted tactic of
nonviolent resistance Rustin became King advisor Made three
conservative demands that were rejected by the city Boycott
continued; highly planned and strategized Eventually drew national
and international attention 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. 9 Slide 10 10 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,
speaks at the Holt Street Baptist Church during the Montgomery bus
boycott Slide 11 Anatomy of the Montgomery Movement Victory Four
others who had defied segregated seating brought class-action
lawsuit challenging constitutionality of city and state segregation
ordinances Federal court declared such laws unconstitutional;
Supreme Court upheld the judgment Supreme Court ruling ended
381-day boycott by requiring immediate end to citys segregated bus
system 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11
Slide 12 Movement Milestones New Leaders: James M. Lawson
Montgomery bus boycott inspired new civil rights activism James
Lawson settled in Nashville, TN, and began teaching philosophy of
nonviolence With help of Nashville Christian Leadership Conference,
Lawson taught nonviolent direct action protest strategies Would
practice how to deal with arrest; violence Made plans for a lunch
counter sit-in 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 12 Slide 13 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
Rights Reserved. 13 Sit-in participants endure harassment Slide 14
Movement Milestones The Lunch Counter Sit-In February 1, 1960,
Greensboro Four staged first successful sit-in at white only lunch
counter Sparked similar protests by blacks throughout South Two
weeks later, Lawsons Nashville students staged rotating sit-in
Protesters usually arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct,
and disobeying police Fervor of sit-ins captured by press and
popular culture Max Roach album cover 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Slide 15 Movement
Milestones March 1960 protest movement of students from five
historically black colleges Julian Bond Appeal for Human Rights
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) new national,
student-led civil rights group 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. 15 Slide 16 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16 Album cover from Max Roachs Freedom
Now Suite Slide 17 Movement Milestones The Albany Movement Protests
by black community of Albany, Georgia, under leadership of SNCC,
SNLC, and NAACP First use of freedom songs; community singing
Albany movement failed Police chief determined to undermine
movement; learned from protests in other cities, Kings book James
A. Gray, segregationist, chairman of Georgia Democratic Party and
friend of President Kennedy Fracture among civil rights groups 2010
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17 Slide 18
Movement Milestones Lessons from Albany Importance of freedom songs
Campaign on all fronts not as effective as targeting specific
discriminatory practices one at a time Confirmation of the
influential role of the press Birmingham, 1963 Meticulously planned
nonviolent assault on Birminghams white economic power structure
Rev. Fred L Shuttleworth and the ACHR with help of SCLC, MLK 2010
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18 Slide 19
Movement Milestones Boycott and mass demonstration began April 3,
1963 during busy Easter season Segregationist police chief Eugene
Bull Connor, taking cue from Albany, urged police restraint Lost
patience; on April 7 protesters attacked with clubs and police dogs
On April 10, Birmingham got injunction to end all activities until
the right to demonstrate was argued in court 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19 Slide 20 Movement
Milestones Two days later, blacks disobeyed court order Letter from
Birmingham Jail MLKs defense of his involvement in the movement;
response to open letter of white clergymen Asked white clergy to
take a moral stand Children took active role in Birmingham campaign
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20 Slide
21 Movement Milestones Victory Frustrated, Bull Connor unleashed
full force on demonstrators Press coverage garnered national
sympathy Monetary donations poured in May 10, 1963 formal agreement
between city businesses and SCLC Agreement did little to change
violent opposition Kennedy administration forced to act; sent
federal troops to positions near Birmingham 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21 Slide 22 Movement
Milestones Freedom Summer 1964 Bring northern white students into
South in campaign to register Mississippis black voters Bob Moses
More than 700 white volunteers Hoped to attract national media
attention; promote grassroots movement of blacks Blacks fearful of
backlash from interracial fraternization; murder of civil rights
workers Registered more than 80,000 by summers end 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22 Slide 23
Movement Milestones Ultimately failed to unseat racist state party;
but Freedom Summer still a success Cultivation of civil rights
leaders Freedom schools Brought out-of-state groups of doctors and
lawyers to Mississippi 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
Rights Reserved. 23 Slide 24 Movement Milestones Tragedy and
Triumph Bloody Sunday Selma to Montgomery march to protest death of
SNCC worker Jimmie Lee Jackson Protesters violently attacked by
police; possemen Press coverage shocked the world On March 21,
demonstrators finally successful President Johnson called Alabama
National Guard into federal service 50,000 demonstrators on final
day 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24
Slide 25 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
25 The Selma March Slide 26 Movement Milestones The Importance of
Press Coverage Press coverage key factor in gaining support and
sympathy Images of violence against peaceful protesters Made it
painful to accept lives cut short: Emmet Till; Medgar Evers;
Mississippi civil rights workers; four little girls in Birmingham;
MLK; numerous others The race beat provided measure of protection
for civil rights protestors Officials didnt want cities to look bad
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26 Slide
27 Movement Women Women civil rights activists came from varying
backgrounds, vast age ranges Daisy Bates Many women student
contributors to SNCC School desegregation and Constance Baker
Motley Girls initiators of many school desegregation cases:
Arthurine Lucy; Charlayne Hunter Motley won 9 of 10 cases she
brought before Supreme Court 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. 27 Slide 28 Movement Women Voting Rights
Campaigns Mississippi voting rights campaign and its advocacy of
grassroots participation encouraged local women Ella Baker and
Fannie Lou Hamer Ella Baker Favored democratic exchange, loosely
structured leadership, commitment to grassroots movement Fannie Lou
Hamer Mobilized registration drives despite violence; never lost
local focus 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 28 Slide 29 Movement Women Septima Clark Questioned
disparities between black and white schools; black and white
teacher salaries Developed citizenship schools in the South
Strength through Religious Faith Many women derived strength from
religious faith Bridge leaders link between local community and
external organizations Fostered relationships in churches and daily
community service 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 29 Slide 30 The Northern Side of the Movement Electoral
Power Northern black voters growing political efficacy Often held
balance of power in tight elections Influenced fair employment laws
in many states Black congressional members; state and local
leadership posts Battling Discrimination Northern blacks faced lack
of job opportunity and de facto segregation in school and elsewhere
School demonstrations in Chicago and Boston Walk to Freedom in
Detroit 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
30 Slide 31 The Northern Side of the Movement The Problem of
Housing Housing discrimination both private practice and public
policy Federal Housing Administration racially discriminatory
policies Levittown; Stuyvesant Town; Trumball Park Housing for
blacks not on their own terms; racial bias persisted Restrictive
covenants; violence Harvey Clark 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31 Slide 32 The Northern Side of the
Movement In Cities: Substandard Housing and Poor Education Blacks
exploited by landlords; paid high rent for substandard housing
Cities refused to enforce antibias housing codes Blacks also
received inferior education; few job opportunities; and inequality
in public services 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 32 Slide 33 The Landmarks and Limitations of Government
Rights revolution required action by all three branches of
government: presidential orders; congressional legislation;
judicial decisions Civil Rights in the 1950s Anticommunism changed
ability of civil rights groups to collaborate Adopted Cold War
rhetoric of freedom and democracy Truman 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 33 Slide 34 The Landmarks and
Limitations of Government Court Victories Legal victories under
leadership of Houston and Marshall Warren Court played critical
role in upholding constitutionality of civil rights laws Brown;
Brown II The Executive Branch Truman executive order integrating
armed forces Eisenhower Civil Rights Act of 1957 Desegregation of
Central High School 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 34 Slide 35 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
Rights Reserved. 35 Protesters after the Brown decision Slide 36
The Landmarks and Limitations of Government Congress Drags Its Feet
Congress most resistant branch of government Southern Manifesto
signed by more than 90 southern members of Congress protested
Browns usurpation of state power Civil Rights Act of 1957 passed
Primarily safeguarded black voting rights; created United States
Commission on Civil Rights Inadequate enforcement 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 36 Slide 37 The
Landmarks and Limitations of Government The Role of Civil Rights
Advocates Interaction between government and civil rights advocates
brought change to nations legal system Civil rights strategies
created climate that made passage of civil rights legislation
possible Smith v. Allwright; Brown Voter registration drives
Citizenship schools Protest demonstrations 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 37 Slide 38 The Landmarks and
Limitations of Government The Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960
International pressure on federal government; Ghana joined United
Nations Work of NAACP lobbyist Clarence Mitchell, Jr. 1957 Act
limited and modest Department of Justice forced to institute suits
on case-by-case basis Civil Rights Act of 1960 passed to strengthen
1957 Act Not adequately enforced; but signaled greater federal
involvement in civil rights 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. 38 Slide 39 The Landmarks and Limitations of
Government The Kennedy Administration Emergence of nonviolent
protests and rising number of black voters made civil rights
burning political issue Racial equality part of both political
platforms in 1960 Kennedy slow to tackle issues; had to deal with
southern Democratic congressional chairmen Did immediately appoint
blacks to high-profile federal positions Became increasingly
influenced by civil rights agenda; submitted civil rights
legislation 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 39 Slide 40 The Landmarks and Limitations of Government
The Freedom Rides, May 1961 Set out to challenge segregation laws
and practices in bus terminals Met violence; intervention of
Justice Department Interstate Commerce Commission ruling
Non-segregated seating and terminals Freedom to the Free, 1963 1963
centennial of Emancipation Proclamation U.S. Commission on Civil
Rights report finding gap between aspirations and actual practices
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 40 Slide
41 The Landmarks and Limitations of Government The Civil Rights Act
of 1964 Comprehensive civil rights bill submitted by Kennedy to
Congress Legislation stalled during summer of 1963 March on
Washington for Jobs and Freedom 250,000 marchers gathered at
Lincoln Memorial Bright spot ratification of Twenty-fourth
Amendment outlawing poll tax in federal elections 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 41 Slide 42 2010
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 42 I have a
dream. Slide 43 The Landmarks and Limitations of Government Civil
Rights Act of 1964 finally passed Gave attorney general power to
protect against discrimination Required elimination of
discrimination in federally assisted programs Created EEOC;
Community Relations Service; extended life of the Commission on
Civil Rights Required DOE to assist in school desegregation Strong
resistance to enforcement Supreme Court upheld constitutionality
Heart of Atlanta Hotel v. U.S.; Katzenbach v. McClung 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 43 Slide 44 The
Landmarks and Limitations of Government The Voting Rights Act of
1965 Johnson recognized weakness in new Acts voting provision; sent
proposal to Congress Congress swiftly passed Voting Rights Act
Authorized federal examiners to register black voters Suspended all
literacy tests and other devices Political Revolution in the South
Southern blacks became political contenders and officeholders 2010
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 44 Slide 45
The Landmarks and Limitations of Government Public schools slowly
began to desegregate U.S. v. Jefferson County the only school
desegregation plan that meets constitutional standards is one that
works The Second Reconstruction Riots of 19641967 demonstrated that
legislation failed to solve deeper, structural problems of racial
inequality 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 45
