CHAPTER 21 Burnout and Overtraining. Session Outline The Prevalence of Burnout and Overtraining Defining Periodized Training, Overtraining, Staleness,

CHAPTER 21CHAPTER 21

Burnout and OvertrainingBurnout and Overtraining

Session OutlineSession Outline

The Prevalence of Burnout and Overtraining The Prevalence of Burnout and Overtraining

Defining Periodized Training, Overtraining, Staleness, and Burnout

Defining Periodized Training, Overtraining, Staleness, and Burnout

Frequency of Overtraining and Staleness Frequency of Overtraining and Staleness

Models of Burnout Models of Burnout

Factors Leading to Athlete Burnout Factors Leading to Athlete Burnout

(continued)(continued)

Session OutlineSession Outline

Symptoms of Overtraining and Burnout Symptoms of Overtraining and Burnout

Measuring Burnout Measuring Burnout

Burnout in Sport Professionals Burnout in Sport Professionals

Treating and Preventing Burnout Treating and Preventing Burnout

As the pressure to win increases, athletes and coaches spend more time training and feel more stress—which sometimes leads to overtraining and burnout.

As the pressure to win increases, athletes and coaches spend more time training and feel more stress—which sometimes leads to overtraining and burnout.

The Prevalence ofBurnout and Overtraining

The Prevalence ofBurnout and Overtraining

Periodized TrainingPeriodized Training

Periodized TrainingPeriodized Training

The deliberate strategy of exposing athletes to high-volume and high-intensity training loads that are followed by a lower training load (a rest or taper)

The deliberate strategy of exposing athletes to high-volume and high-intensity training loads that are followed by a lower training load (a rest or taper)

OvertrainingOvertraining


A short cycle of training during which athletes expose themselves to excessive training loads that are near maximum capacity.

A short cycle of training during which athletes expose themselves to excessive training loads that are near maximum capacity.


KEYS —KEYS —One athlete’s overtraining might be another

athlete’s optimal training regime.One athlete’s overtraining might be another

athlete’s optimal training regime.The process of overtraining can result in

positive adaptation and improved performance (positive overtraining) or maladaption and decreased performance (negative over-training).

The process of overtraining can result in positive adaptation and improved performance (positive overtraining) or maladaption and decreased performance (negative over-training).

The Overtraining ProcessThe Overtraining Process

StalenessStaleness

StalenessStaleness

The physiological state of overtraining in which the athlete has difficulty maintaining standard training regimes and can no longer achieve previous performance results

The physiological state of overtraining in which the athlete has difficulty maintaining standard training regimes and can no longer achieve previous performance results

BurnoutBurnout

BurnoutBurnout

A psychophysiological response due to frequent but generally ineffective efforts to meet excessive demands, involving a psychological emotional, and sometimes physical withdrawal from an activity in response to excessive stress or dissatisfaction

A psychophysiological response due to frequent but generally ineffective efforts to meet excessive demands, involving a psychological emotional, and sometimes physical withdrawal from an activity in response to excessive stress or dissatisfaction

Characteristics of BurnoutCharacteristics of Burnout

Exhaustion, both physical and emotional, in the form of lost concern, energy, interest, and trust

Exhaustion, both physical and emotional, in the form of lost concern, energy, interest, and trust

Depersonalization—acting impersonal and unfeeling—in large part due to mental and physical exhaustion

Depersonalization—acting impersonal and unfeeling—in large part due to mental and physical exhaustion

Feeling of low personal accomplishment, low self-esteem, failure, and depression—often visible in low job productivity or a decreased performance level

Feeling of low personal accomplishment, low self-esteem, failure, and depression—often visible in low job productivity or a decreased performance level

Frequency of Overtrainingand Staleness


66% of ACC athletes experience some over-training, on average twice a year.

66% of ACC athletes experience some over-training, on average twice a year.

72% of the athletes reported some staleness during their sport season.

72% of the athletes reported some staleness during their sport season.

60% to 64% of runners experience some staleness once a year.

60% to 64% of runners experience some staleness once a year.


30% of sub-elite runners reported staleness. 30% of sub-elite runners reported staleness.

Of swimmers who reported staleness during their freshman year, 90% became stale in one or more subsequent seasons.

Of swimmers who reported staleness during their freshman year, 90% became stale in one or more subsequent seasons.

Swedish athletes training at sport high schools experienced staleness—both individual-sport athletes (48%) and team-sport athletes (30%).

Swedish athletes training at sport high schools experienced staleness—both individual-sport athletes (48%) and team-sport athletes (30%).



Models of BurnoutModels of Burnout

Cognitive-affective stress modelCognitive-affective stress model

Negative-training stress response modelNegative-training stress response model

Unidimensional identity development and external control model

Unidimensional identity development and external control model

Cognitive-Affective Stress Modelof Burnout (Smith, 1986)

Cognitive-Affective Stress Modelof Burnout (Smith, 1986)

Negative-Training Stress ResponseModel (Silva, 1990)

Negative-Training Stress ResponseModel (Silva, 1990)

Focuses on physical training (but recognizes the importance of psychological factors).

Focuses on physical training (but recognizes the importance of psychological factors).

Physical training stresses the athlete physically and psychologically and can have positive and negative effects.

Physical training stresses the athlete physically and psychologically and can have positive and negative effects.

Positive adaptation (normal overload) is desirable.

Positive adaptation (normal overload) is desirable.

Negative adaptation is undesirable (leads to overtraining, staleness, and burnout).

Negative adaptation is undesirable (leads to overtraining, staleness, and burnout).

Stress is involved in burnout, but it is only a symptom.Stress is involved in burnout, but it is only a symptom.

Unidimensional Identity Developmentand External Control Model

(Coakley, 1992)


(Coakley, 1992)



(Coakley, 1992)


(Coakley, 1992)


1.The structure of highly competitive sport does not allow young athletes to spend enough time with peers outside of sport. This causes young athletes to focus solely on identifying with athletic success, which can be unhealthy, especially when failure or injury occurs.

1.The structure of highly competitive sport does not allow young athletes to spend enough time with peers outside of sport. This causes young athletes to focus solely on identifying with athletic success, which can be unhealthy, especially when failure or injury occurs.

The real causes of burnout (especially in young athletes) are these:The real causes of burnout (especially in young athletes) are these:


(Coakley, 1992)


(Coakley, 1992)

2.The social worlds of young athletes are organized in such a way that their control and decision making are inhibited.

2.The social worlds of young athletes are organized in such a way that their control and decision making are inhibited.

The real causes of burnout (especially in young athletes) are these:The real causes of burnout (especially in young athletes) are these:

Key Factors Leading toAthlete Burnout

Key Factors Leading toAthlete Burnout

Athletes are starting to train at younger ages. Athletes are starting to train at younger ages.

Training in many sports is virtually year-round. Training in many sports is virtually year-round.

Causes of Burnout inJunior Tennis PlayersCauses of Burnout inJunior Tennis Players

Physical concerns—erratic play, injury, feeling tired

Physical concerns—erratic play, injury, feeling tired

Logistical concerns—travel grind, time demands

Logistical concerns—travel grind, time demands

Social or interpersonal concerns—negative parental influence, negative team atmosphere

Social or interpersonal concerns—negative parental influence, negative team atmosphere

Psychological concerns—inappropriate expectations, feeling a lack of improvement, coach and parental pressure

Psychological concerns—inappropriate expectations, feeling a lack of improvement, coach and parental pressure

Strains in Junior AthletesStrains in Junior Athletes

Social-psychological strain Social-psychological strain

Perfectionistic players, parental or coach pressure

Perfectionistic players, parental or coach pressure

Physically driven strain Physically driven strain

Individual Differences inBurnout Causes

Individual Differences inBurnout Causes

Several specific factors are linked to athlete burnout, from conflicting demands to excessive training loads

Several specific factors are linked to athlete burnout, from conflicting demands to excessive training loads

Factors Related to Athlete BurnoutFactors Related to Athlete Burnout

(See table 21.1 on p. 474 of text.)(See table 21.1 on p. 474 of text.)

Signs of OvertrainingSigns of Overtraining

Apathy Apathy

Lethargy Lethargy

Weight loss Weight loss

Mood changes Mood changes


Signs of BurnoutSigns of Burnout

Low motivation Low motivation

Lack of caring Lack of caring

Lowered affect Lowered affect

Anxiety Anxiety


Overtraining and Mood StatesOvertraining and Mood States

Athletes experience increased mood disturbance under especially heavy training workloads. The heavier the workload, the greater the mood disturbance.

Athletes experience increased mood disturbance under especially heavy training workloads. The heavier the workload, the greater the mood disturbance.

Successful athletes exhibit high levels of vigor and low levels of negative mood states, an optimal combination.

Successful athletes exhibit high levels of vigor and low levels of negative mood states, an optimal combination.

Overtrained athletes show an inverted iceberg profile, with negative states pronounced.

Overtrained athletes show an inverted iceberg profile, with negative states pronounced.

Overtrained and stale athletes are at risk of developing mood disturbances, which can result in decreased performance levels and dropout. More is not always better.

Overtrained and stale athletes are at risk of developing mood disturbances, which can result in decreased performance levels and dropout. More is not always better.

Overtraining and PerformanceOvertraining and Performance

Measuring BurnoutMeasuring Burnout

The Maslach Burnout Inventory—a reliable instrument to measure burnout that has been adapted and modified for use in sport and exercise

The Maslach Burnout Inventory—a reliable instrument to measure burnout that has been adapted and modified for use in sport and exercise

Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales

The Maslach Burnout InventoryThe Maslach Burnout Inventory

Emotional exhaustion Emotional exhaustion Depersonalization Depersonalization Personal accomplishments Personal accomplishments

Type A personality Type A personality

Role conflict and ambiguity Role conflict and ambiguity

Athletic trainersAthletic trainers

Factors Related to Burnoutin Trainers and Officials

Factors Related to Burnoutin Trainers and Officials

Making bad calls Making bad calls

Role conflict and ambiguity Role conflict and ambiguity

OfficialsOfficials

Pressure to win Pressure to win

Administrator-parent interference or indifference Administrator-parent interference or indifference

CoachesCoaches

Factors Related to Burnout in CoachesFactors Related to Burnout in Coaches

Disciplinary problems Disciplinary problems

Multiple roles Multiple roles

Extensive travel Extensive travel

Intense personal involvement Intense personal involvement

None have yet been established None have yet been established

Gender differences:Gender differences:

Younger coaches appear to have higher levels of burnout (partly because older coaches have already burned out).

Younger coaches appear to have higher levels of burnout (partly because older coaches have already burned out).

Age and experience differences:Age and experience differences:


Coaches who are more caring and people-oriented appear to be more vulnerable to burnout.

Coaches who are more caring and people-oriented appear to be more vulnerable to burnout.

Coaching style:Coaching style:

Greater social support is associated with lower burnout.

Greater social support is associated with lower burnout.

Social support:Social support:


Pressure from coaches or parents Pressure from coaches or parents

Hard training Hard training

Fitness instructors, administrators, and physical education teachersFitness instructors, administrators, and physical education teachers

Factors Related to Burnoutin Sport Professionals

Factors Related to Burnoutin Sport Professionals

Competition over a long period of time Competition over a long period of time

Treating and Preventing BurnoutTreating and Preventing Burnout

1.Set short-term goals for competition and practice.1.Set short-term goals for competition and practice.

2.Communicate your feelings to others.2.Communicate your feelings to others.

3.Take relaxation (time-out) breaks.3.Take relaxation (time-out) breaks.

4.Learn self-regulation skills (e.g., relaxation, imagery, goal setting, self-talk).4.Learn self-regulation skills (e.g., relaxation, imagery, goal setting, self-talk).



5.Keep a positive outlook.5.Keep a positive outlook.

6.Manage postcompetition emotions.6.Manage postcompetition emotions.

7.Stay in good physical condition.7.Stay in good physical condition.


It’s Not How Hard You Train, It’s How You Recover.It’s Not How Hard You Train, It’s How You Recover.

KEY—KEY—


OVERLOAD SOURCE RECOVERY STRATEGYOVERLOAD SOURCE RECOVERY STRATEGY

Physical stressorPhysical stressor Nutrition and hydrationEat more carbohydratesStay hydrated

RestNo physical activityPassive restGet sufficient sleep

Nutrition and hydrationEat more carbohydratesStay hydrated

RestNo physical activityPassive restGet sufficient sleep



OVERLOAD SOURCE RECOVERY STRATEGYOVERLOAD SOURCE RECOVERY STRATEGY

Psychological/social stressor

Psychological/social stressor

Relaxation and emotional support • Flotation tanks, massage sauna • Time-out • Progressive muscle relaxation • Visualization

Minimize nontraining stressors (e.g., limit work hours)

Thought management strategies • Dissociation (e.g., watch movies) • Negative thought replacement

Relaxation and emotional support • Flotation tanks, massage sauna • Time-out • Progressive muscle relaxation • Visualization

Minimize nontraining stressors (e.g., limit work hours)

Thought management strategies • Dissociation (e.g., watch movies) • Negative thought replacement

Play for your own reason. Play for your own reason.

Reducing Burnoutin Young Tennis Players


Balance tennis and other things. Balance tennis and other things.

Try to make it fun. Try to make it fun.

Advice for other playersAdvice for other players

Take time off and relax. Take time off and relax.

Recognize what is an optimal amount of “pushing.”

Recognize what is an optimal amount of “pushing.”

Give support, show empathy, and reduce the importance of outcome.

Give support, show empathy, and reduce the importance of outcome.

Involve players in decision making. Involve players in decision making.

Advice for parentsAdvice for parents

Lessen involvement. Lessen involvement.



Have two-way communication with players. Have two-way communication with players.

Cultivate personal involvement with players. Cultivate personal involvement with players.

Utilize player input. Utilize player input.

Advice for coachesAdvice for coaches

Understand players’ feelings. Understand players’ feelings.



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CHAPTER 21 Burnout and Overtraining. Session Outline The Prevalence of Burnout and Overtraining Defining Periodized Training, Overtraining, Staleness,