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Chapter 2.1 Hazard Recognition, Evaluation & Control
Hazard Recognition, Evaluation & Control
Hazards in the workplace can be very costly in terms of injuries, property damage, lost productivity, lost time, illness and so on…A proactive approach involves pre-planning to identify hazards and taking action to prevent accidents.Losses may fall under one or both of the following categories;
Hazard Recognition, Evaluation & Control
Human: Injury, pain suffering, sorrow, loss of body parts, loss of dignity, independence, self-esteem, death….Financial: Medical & workers’ compensation costs, building damage, tool & equipment damage, product & material damage, loss of production time….The process of controlling losses has six steps as follows;
Hazard Recognition, Evaluation & Control
Six steps in controlling losses;
1. Hazard identification & evaluation
2. Ranking hazards by risk
3. Management decision making
4. Establishing preventive & corrective measures
5. Monitoring
6. Evaluating program effectiveness
1. Hazard Identification &, Evaluation & Control
Successful control of health hazards begins with identification of the hazard.A hazard is any substance ,or physical property, process, or task that poses a potential threat to the health and or safety of the individual.Hazards are grouped into four categories;
1. Chemical, 2. Physical 3. Biological 4. Ergonomic
2. Ranking Hazards by RiskOnce a workplace hazard has been identified they should be evaluated to determine their potential to cause injury or illness. Must consider the following;
Level of Exposure Chemical Properties Route of Exposure (route of entry into body) Length of exposure Frequency of exposure Individual characteristics Environmental variables Controls in use.
3. Management Decision Making
Management should be provided with full & accurate information and it should contain the following;
Recommendation for training & education
Better methods & procedures
Equipment repair or replacement
Recommendation for redesign
3. Management Decision Making
Management has three options upon receipt of this hazard information;
Take no action
Modify the workplace or its components
Redesign the workplace or its components
4. Establishing Preventative & Corrective Measures
Controls are directed at the source of the hazard, the pathway of transmission and at the receiver. They exist on three levels;
Engineering
Administrative
Personal Protective Equipment
5. Monitoring
Activities within a facility should be constantly monitored for new hazards and to assess the effectiveness of control already in place. This process includes;
Inspection
Industrial Hygiene testing
Medical surveillance
6. Evaluating Program Effectiveness
A loss control program should be evaluated to ensure it is working and must consider the following;
Number & severity of injuries
Cot of medical care
Material damage
Facility damage cost
Equipment & tool damage & costs
Number of days lost from accidents
Workplace InspectionChapter 2.2
What is Workplace Inspection
Inspection will examine the workplace closely on a regular basis:
To identify & record actual potential hazards
To identify unsafe conditions or unsafe acts that require immediate action
To ensure that existing hazard controls are functioning properly.
What is Workplace Inspection
The primary purpose of inspection is to detect potential hazards, so they can be corrected before an accident occurs. The second purpose is to improve operations to increase efficiency, effectiveness and profitability. Inspections can be viewed negatively or positively;
a) Fault-finding, to criticize
b) Fact-finding, to locate hazards that can adversely affect health & safety. The fact-finding viewpoint is more effective.
Types of Inspections
There are five types; Spot inspections; taken on a random basis
Pre-operation checks; of special equipment or work processes
Critical part inspections; regular planned inspections of parts of a machine, pieces of equipment or systems
New equipment inspections; before operations begin
Regularly planned inspections; cover all conditions of work practices and procedures.
Role of Inspections
Inspections must be a part of an accident prevention program and must be conducted on a regular basis. They help;
Identify possible corrective action for identified hazards to monitor the effectiveness of controls
Steps in Establishing Workplace Inspection System
There are four steps in establishing a sound Workplace Inspection System;
Planning
Inspecting
Reporting
Monitoring
Planning
An inspection program is based on a Hazard Control Inspection Inventory. Managers should develop an inventory of items that may become unsafe or cause accidents. Such things as;
Environmental factors (dust, fumes, noise….)
Power source equipment (electric motors, cords, ground connectors…)
Fire protection (alarms, sprinklers, extinguishers…)
Inspecting
Inspectors should not simply list unsafe conditions but describe each condition specifically and clearly.All areas of workplace should be inspected not just the work areas (ie. Parking lots, washrooms, locker rooms….)Inspections should be scheduled at times when the inspectors can see operators at work.
Inspecting
Five characteristics of a good inspector;
Knowledge of the company’s accident experience
Familiarity with accident hazards & applicable standards
Ability to decide upon corrective action
Diplomacy in dealing with personnel & situations
Knowledge of company’s operations.
Reporting
Inspections can only be affective if results are promptly reported to the right persons and prompt action is taken.Companies should try and develop their own official form for reporting on inspections. Inspectors can use many tools including things like pens, camera, calipers, micrometers, feeler gauges, flash lights, electrical testing equipment….
Monitoring
For inspections to be valid; It must be clear who has the ultimate responsibility
Contain timely feedback to those involved in the inspection
Inspectors information must be reviewed carefully to identify immediate actions required
Trends need to be identified to see where to improve the inspection program
Personal Protective EquipmentChapter 2.3
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
What is PPE??
Equipment worn by a worker to minimize exposure to occupational hazards, by acting as a barrier to shield the worker from hazard
Includes respirators, gloves, aprons, fall protection, full body suits, head, eye, & foot protection
PPE does not reduce the hazard, nor does it provide complete protection for the worker.
Elements of a PPE Program
Develop a policy on PPE by managementConduct a workplace survey for all potential hazardsSelect proper PPE for hazards that cannot be adequately controlled by other meansProper fitting of PPE to each individualTrainingEvaluation of the programmodification
Head Protection
CSA classifies head protection as follows;
Class G (General Usage) – This class is intended to provide the user against impact & penetration.. It is non-conducting
Class E (Electrical Trades) – This class of headwear provides protection against impact & penetration. It must be non-conducting and pass a dielectric-strength test
Class C (Conducting Headwear) – Designed to provide the user with protection against impact & penetration only.
Hair Protection
Employees with long hair must protect against entanglementCaps should cover head and be flame resistant if exposed to hot metals or sparksCaps should be attractive, to promote usage, be cool & lightweight.Laundered regularly
Face & Eye Protection
70% of all eye injuries result from flying or falling objectsContact with harmful chemicals cause over 20% of eye injuriesEye protection includes safety glasses, safety goggles, & face shields.
Hearing Protection
The two most important factors that lead to hearing loss in industrial settings are loudness of the noise and duration of exposure to it.Work areas where levels are continuously above 85dB during an 8hour period are considered hazardous.Hearing protection falls into four categories; enclosures, aural inset (ear plugs), super aural, circumaural protectors.
Fall Protection
Can be either Passive or Active protectionPassive protection includes all-purpose nets and provide protection under and around elevated work areas. The worker is not directly involved in wearing this type of protectionActive fall protection includes safety belts, harnesses, lifelines all of which have an anchorage point.
Respiratory Protection
May be used to protect against inhalation and should be based on identification of the hazard.Types of respiratory protection;
Air purifying (dust, mist, fumes)
Air purifying (gas & vapors)
Atmosphere supplying respirators (supplied air)
Atmosphere supplying respirators (self-contained breathing apparatus SCBA)
Head & Arm Protection
Types of Hand & Arm Protection;
Gloves (cloth, leather, metal mesh, rubber, lead lined…)
Barrier Creams ( water soluble or water resistant)
Finger Cuts (light duty sensitive work)
Wrist & Forearm Protectors, elbow guards & sleeves.
Protective Footwear
Types of protective footwear;
Metatarsal Footwear; (potects the metatarsal or toe area..teel/plastic toe
Sole Puncture Resistant; Footwear (protective plate in sole)
Electrical Hazard Footwear; electrical insulated material on sole & heel of boot .. No metal parts
ErgonomicsChapter 2.4
What is Ergonomics
The science dedicated to matching jobs, systems, products, and environments to the capabilities and limitations of the worker. Its about making people fit their jobs. These include the physical, cognitive, phychological, social, & cultural aspects of a person
Examples of Use of Ergonomics
Adjusting a workstation to fit the workerEnsuring workstations for multiple users are adjustableEnsuring equipment is appropriate for the task at handRedesingning a process to make it more efficientDesigning products to make them more user friendlyColor coding to distinguish items/controls
Soft Tissue Injury
A collective term used to describe an injury or disorder of the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, nerves, blood vessels or related structuresOther names include; Musculoskeletal injury (MSI), Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI), Repetitive Motion Injury (RMI)…
Causes & Signs of Soft Tissue Injuries
Causes;
Usually associated with tasks which involve; Repetitive and/or forceful movement Maintaining constant or awkward postures
Causes & Signs of Soft Tissue Injuries
Signs & Symptoms May Include;
Numbness
Tingling/burning sensation
Pain/tenderness
Swelling
Redness
Restricted movement
Loss of strength (e.g. grip strength)
Neutral Postures
Posture is the position of a body part in relation to an adjoining body partIn a neutral posture, the joint is under minimal physical strain. As joints move away from neutral strain occurs on tendons, muscles, and other tissues.Examples include Standing Neutral Posture & Sitting Neutral Posture
Ergonomic Risk Factors
An ergonomic risk factor is defined as something that may cause or contribute to an injury. Two or more risk factors can occur at one time, when this happens the chance of injury increases
Ergonomic Risk Factors
Primary risk factors include; Force; as the weight of an object increases more muscular effort
is required Repetition; performing a task that uses the same muscles
steadily with few pauses Duration; the amount of time a worker performs a particular task Posture; awkward postures are those that move away from
neutral positions Contact stress; when a body part is pressed aginast a hard
surface the nerves and tissues under the skin can be injured from pressure
Risk Evaluation
In order to determine potential for injury risk factors need to be evaluated in terms of;
Where; part of the body exposed to risk How much; magnitude or intensity of the risk factor How often; time exposed to the risk factro How long; duration of risk factor
Repetitive Motion Injury
What is RMI?Sometimes known as Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs).
Includes a spectrum of diseases associated with repetitive tasks .
What causes R M IsPerforming the same motion repeatedly, especially if the body is in an unnatural position.
Failing to vary tasks during a work shift.
Sitting in a chair that is not properly adjusted.
Working in a work area with a poor layout.
Signs of R M Is
A tingling or burning sensation in the affected area.
Numbness in the hands or wrists.
Hand pain that occurs at night , often affecting sleep.
Pain that occurs during repetitive activity at work.
Loss of grip strength.
Types of R M Is
Tennis Elbow
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
Trigger Finger