Chapter 21

Part 3Pages 717-723

Terms to Know

• De Facto Segregation• De Jure Segregation• Malcolm X• Stokely Carmichael• Black Power• Kerner Commission• Civil Rights Act 1968• Affirmative Action

Segregation in the North

• De Facto: more about attitude than the law.• De Jure: racism, discrimination that could be

legally abolished with legal changes

• African Americans wanted to share social and economic power

De Facto Segregation in the North

• White flight to the suburbs• Most Black were left in the cities• Increasing poverty, decaying buildings and

services• Landlords failed to follow health and safety

laws• Joblessness, poverty increasing crime• All whit police forces

Increasing urban violence

• School segregation = rioting• Assassinations = Rioting

• 1965 After Voting Rights Act passed a huge riiot in Watts 34 killed many more injured and looting, property damage

1966-67

• Rioting in over 100 U.S. cities

• Johnson’s War on Poverty failed because most of U.S. money was diverted to the War iin Vietnam

Malcolm X

• Became a brilliant spokesman for the Nation of Islam

• Believed in Self defense (rather than King’s passive resistance)

• Was also a Black separatist• Blamed the White man for most of Black’s

problems

Malcolm X

• 1964 went on a pilgrimage to Mecca (an obligation of orthodox Muslims)

• Studied and changed some of his beliefs

• Was no longer racist• 1965 was assassinated upon his return…by

members of the Nation of Islam

Black Power

• SNCC and the Black Panthers• More Black Nationalism…pride

• 1966 The Black Panthers were founded in Oakland, California by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton.

• The Panthers killed 11 police officers within one year

Cleaver

• Ran the Black Panthers while Newton and Seale were in jail

• Wrote Soul on Ice

• The Black Power movement frightened Middle Class Whites and moderate Blacks

• The Black Power Movement seemed to encourage violence

Panthers

• Fought police brutality (still a problem today)• Were also anti-war because African Americans

were overrepresented in Vietnam

1968 A Turning Point

• King was killed by James Earl Ray• Resulted in more rioting

• Bobby Kennedy was killed by Sirhan Sirhan• He claimed to represent the underclasses in

American society and was also anti-war• Had just won the California primary• No more great leaders for the movement left

Richard Nixon

• Republican• Claimed to represent the Silent Majority• Was the Law and Order candidate….was

appealing to most in America

• Claimed to have a secret plan to end the war as well

The Kernner Commission

• Established by LBJ to investigate and report on the causes of urban violence

• Conclusion: the main cause of urban violence is White racism

• Made recommendations in a huge document• But Johnson took no action

Since School Integration…

• More African Americans finish High school and go on to college

• Better Jobs• More African American voters and office

holders

Affirmative Action

• One method used to try to make up for past wrongs

• Or to try to narrow the racial gap

• Is often used for Jobs or college enrollment

• And is very controversial today.