CHAPTER 22CHAPTER 22

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY & CONSERVATION& CONSERVATION

BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY –THE NUMBER –THE NUMBER AND VARIETY OF SPECIES IN AN AND VARIETY OF SPECIES IN AN AREA. AREA. KNOWNKNOWN NUMBER OF NUMBER OF SPECIES = SPECIES = 1.41.4 MILLION, MILLION, ACTUAL NUMBER OF SPECIES ACTUAL NUMBER OF SPECIES 10-10010-100 MILLION. TROPICAL MILLION. TROPICAL RAINFORESTS CONTAIN RAINFORESTS CONTAIN 2/3 2/3 OF OF ALL LAND SPECIES. ALL LAND SPECIES.

Tropical biodiversityTropical biodiversity

Birds - Colombia is the country with the greatest bird diversity in the world has at least 1695 migrant and resident species, Peru (Cocha Cashu station) in an area of 50 km2 has 550 birds. In All of North America approx 700 species.

In Costa Rica: - La Selva 410 species - Palo Verde 269 + species

Figure from: Terborgh, J. 1992. Diversity and the Tropical Rain Forest,

Number of breeding bird species in each area of 122500 square miles

A.A. EXTINCTION- WHEN THE EXTINCTION- WHEN THE LASTLAST MEMBER OF A MEMBER OF A SPECIESSPECIES DIES. DIES. EXTINCTION REDUCES BIODIVERSITYEXTINCTION REDUCES BIODIVERSITY

B.B. HUMANS ARE CAUSING EXTINCTIONS HUMANS ARE CAUSING EXTINCTIONS DUE TO THE INCREASE IN DUE TO THE INCREASE IN HUMAN HUMAN POPULATIONPOPULATION AND DESTRUCTION OF AND DESTRUCTION OF OR FRAGMENTATION OF OR FRAGMENTATION OF NATURAL NATURAL HABITATHABITAT..

C.C. HUMANS ARE ALSO CAUSING HUMANS ARE ALSO CAUSING EXTINCTIONS BY EXTINCTIONS BY UNREGULATEDUNREGULATED HUNTING AND THE INTRODUCTION OF HUNTING AND THE INTRODUCTION OF NONNATIVE OR NONNATIVE OR EXOTICEXOTIC SPECIES TO SPECIES TO AN AREAAN AREA

D.D. HUMANS ARE CAUSING HABITAT HUMANS ARE CAUSING HABITAT DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION OR DAMAGE BY OR DAMAGE BY POLLUTION.POLLUTION.

1.1. AIR POLLUTION – BURNING OF AIR POLLUTION – BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELSFOSSIL FUELS, NO, NO22 &SO &SO22 COMBINE COMBINE WITH HWITH H220 AND FORM 0 AND FORM ACID RAINACID RAIN – – THIS CAUSES DEGRADATION OF THIS CAUSES DEGRADATION OF FORESTS, LAKES AND STREAMS.FORESTS, LAKES AND STREAMS.

2.2. WATER POLLUTION – WATERSHED WATER POLLUTION – WATERSHED RUNOFF, RUNOFF, NONPOINTNONPOINT VS VS POINTPOINT POLLUTION.POLLUTION.

3.3. LAND POLLUTION – LAND POLLUTION – WASTEWASTE; ; HAZARDOUS & NONHAZARDOUSHAZARDOUS & NONHAZARDOUS

E.E. HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND FRAGMENTATION MAY CAUSE FRAGMENTATION MAY CAUSE CLIMATE CHANGE.CLIMATE CHANGE.

F.F. EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: 1.1. HABITAT DESTRUCTION – HABITAT DESTRUCTION – FLORIDA PANTHERFLORIDA PANTHER..2.2. UNREGULATED HUNTING – UNREGULATED HUNTING – PASSENGER PASSENGER

PIGEON, BISONPIGEON, BISON..3.3. ILLEGAL HUNTING OR POACHINGILLEGAL HUNTING OR POACHING – AFRICAN – AFRICAN

ELEPHANTS.ELEPHANTS.4.4. NONNATIVE OR EXOTIC SPECIESNONNATIVE OR EXOTIC SPECIES – –

MELALEUCA TREE, KUDZU, ZEBRA MUSSELS.MELALEUCA TREE, KUDZU, ZEBRA MUSSELS.G.G. PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY – PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY – 1.1. BIODIVERSTIY HELPS TO MAINTAIN A BIODIVERSTIY HELPS TO MAINTAIN A

HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM.HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM.2.2. SOME SPECIES ARE USED IN MEDICINE AS SOME SPECIES ARE USED IN MEDICINE AS

CURES OR TREATMENTS FOR CURES OR TREATMENTS FOR VARIOUS VARIOUS DISEASESDISEASES. .

3.3. PLANTS NOT YET DISCOVERED MAY BECOME PLANTS NOT YET DISCOVERED MAY BECOME AN IMPORTANT AN IMPORTANT FOODFOOD SOURCE. SOURCE.

4.4. BIODIVERSITY GIVES BIODIVERSITY GIVES BEAUTY AND WONDERBEAUTY AND WONDER..

II.II. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT OF 1973 – ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT OF 1973 – PROTECTS ANY PLANT OR SPECIES IN DANGER PROTECTS ANY PLANT OR SPECIES IN DANGER OF OF EXTINCTIONEXTINCTION. FOUR PROVISIONS OF THE . FOUR PROVISIONS OF THE ACT ARE: ACT ARE:

A.A. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE COMPILES U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE COMPILES LIST OF ALL LIST OF ALL ENDANGEREDENDANGERED OR OR THREATENEDTHREATENED SPECIES.SPECIES.

B.B. ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES MAY MAY NOT BE CAUGHTNOT BE CAUGHT OR KILLED. PLANTS MAY OR KILLED. PLANTS MAY NOT BE UPROOTED. ENDANGERED OR NOT BE UPROOTED. ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES MAY NOT BE THREATENED SPECIES MAY NOT BE SOLD ORSOLD OR TRADED.TRADED.

C.C. ANY PROJECT THAT ENDANGERS ENDANGERED ANY PROJECT THAT ENDANGERS ENDANGERED SPECIES SPECIES CANNOT BE CARRIED OUT.CANNOT BE CARRIED OUT.

D.D. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE MUST BE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE MUST BE PREPARE PREPARE SPECIES RECOVERY PLANSPECIES RECOVERY PLAN FOR EACH FOR EACH ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES.ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES.

III.III. DEVELOPERS VS. ENVIRONMENTALISTS- DEVELOPERS VS. ENVIRONMENTALISTS- RESTRICTING LAND USERESTRICTING LAND USE DUE TO SPECIES DUE TO SPECIES PROTECTION HAS LEAD TO A GREAT MANY PROTECTION HAS LEAD TO A GREAT MANY CONTROVERSIES. THESE BATTLES ARE CONTROVERSIES. THESE BATTLES ARE NORMALLY SETTLED THROUGHNORMALLY SETTLED THROUGH COMPROMISESCOMPROMISES WHERE BOTH SIDES WIN WHERE BOTH SIDES WIN AND LOSE A LITTLE BIT. AND LOSE A LITTLE BIT.

IV.IV. WORLD WIDE EFFORTS- SEVERAL WORLD WIDE EFFORTS- SEVERAL INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS WORK TO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS WORK TO PROTECT SPECIES THROUGHOUT THE PROTECT SPECIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. THESE INCLUDE WORLD. THESE INCLUDE WORLD WORLD WILDLIFE FUNDWILDLIFE FUND, THE , THE NATURE NATURE CONSERVANCYCONSERVANCY, GREEN PEACE, AND MANY , GREEN PEACE, AND MANY OTHERS.OTHERS.

A.A. CITESCITES – CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL – CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES. TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES. EFFORTS BY THIS GROUP HAVE CUT THE EFFORTS BY THIS GROUP HAVE CUT THE SALES OF SALES OF IVORY IVORY FROM ELEPHANTS.FROM ELEPHANTS.

B.B. BIODIVERSITY TREATY 1992BIODIVERSITY TREATY 1992 – – WORLDWIDE EFFORT TO MAINTAIN AND WORLDWIDE EFFORT TO MAINTAIN AND PROTECT VALUABLE SPECIES. PROTECT VALUABLE SPECIES.

V. SAVING INDIVIDUAL SPECIES:V. SAVING INDIVIDUAL SPECIES:A. A. CAPTIVE BREEDING PROGRAMSCAPTIVE BREEDING PROGRAMS - ANIMALS ARE - ANIMALS ARE

BRED IN ZOOS OR WILDLIFE PARKS THEN LATER BRED IN ZOOS OR WILDLIFE PARKS THEN LATER RELEASED TO THE WILD. EXAMPLE - CALIFORNIA RELEASED TO THE WILD. EXAMPLE - CALIFORNIA CONDOR.CONDOR.

B. B. BOTANICAL GARDENSBOTANICAL GARDENS - GARDENS HOUSE UP TO - GARDENS HOUSE UP TO 90,000 SPECIES OF PLANTS HELPING TO PRESERVE 90,000 SPECIES OF PLANTS HELPING TO PRESERVE DIVERSITY.DIVERSITY.

C. GERM - PLASM BANKS - THE C. GERM - PLASM BANKS - THE FREEZING OF SEEDSFREEZING OF SEEDS FOR PLANT, AND EGG AND SPERM FOR ANIMAL FOR PLANT, AND EGG AND SPERM FOR ANIMAL PRESERVATION. THESE CAN BE DEVELOPED IN THE PRESERVATION. THESE CAN BE DEVELOPED IN THE FUTURE IF A SPECIES BECOMES FUTURE IF A SPECIES BECOMES EXTINCTEXTINCT..

D. ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION - PRESERVING A D. ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION - PRESERVING A SECTIONSECTION OF EACH DIFFERENT TYPE OF OF EACH DIFFERENT TYPE OF ECOSYSTEM ESPECIALLY BIODIVERSITY ECOSYSTEM ESPECIALLY BIODIVERSITY HOT HOT SPOTSSPOTS. THESE ARE AREAS THAT CONTAIN MANY . THESE ARE AREAS THAT CONTAIN MANY DIFFERENT SPECIES.DIFFERENT SPECIES.

E. HUMAN NEEDS VS. ENVIRONMENT - CONFLICT E. HUMAN NEEDS VS. ENVIRONMENT - CONFLICT BETWEEN BETWEEN PROVIDING FORPROVIDING FOR PEOPLE AND PEOPLE AND PROVIDING FOR THE PROVIDING FOR THE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT. SETTLING . SETTLING THESE DISPUTES NORMALLY REQUIRES THESE DISPUTES NORMALLY REQUIRES COMPROMISE FROM BOTH. EXAMPLE OWLS VS. COMPROMISE FROM BOTH. EXAMPLE OWLS VS. LOGGERS.LOGGERS.