Chapter 22 - Oceanography• Oceanography

• What percentage of the Earth is covered with water?

• The scientific study of the ocean

• 70% covered by water• 30% is covered by land

• How do scientists study the ocean floor? • Sonar

• Satellites• Deep-sea corers• Magnetic recorders• Robotic vehicles

Properties of Water

• Density

• Freezing point • Boiling point

• Ice is less dense than liquid water because water EXPANDS as it freezes

• Salt water is MORE dense than fresh water

• 0oC and 32oF• 100oC and 212oF

Properties of Salt Water

• Salinity

• Salinity of ocean water is

• The measure of dissolved salts in water

• 35 grams of salt per 1000 grams of sea water……or 35o/oo

Composition of Seawater

• The two most abundant ions in seawater are

• Na = 30% (sodium) • Cl = 55% (chlorine)• NaCl is sodium

chloride (table salt)

Temperature in the Oceans

• Mixed Layer (Surface)

• Thermocline

• Deep water

• Most energy exchanged!!!!

• Rapid change in temperature

• Cold and no sunlight received