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IntroductionIntroduction Compositional Groups:
Gases: H & He Melting points near absolute zero (-273°C)
Rocks: Silicate minerals & Fe-Ni metal Melting points >700°C
Ices: Composed of Ammonia (NH3), Methane (CH4), CO2 &
H2O Intermediate melting points
Compositional Groups: Gases:
H & He Melting points near absolute zero (-273°C)
Rocks: Silicate minerals & Fe-Ni metal Melting points >700°C
Ices: Composed of Ammonia (NH3), Methane (CH4), CO2 &
H2O Intermediate melting points
The PlanetsThe Planets Inner Planets:
AKA Terrestrial Planets (like Earth) AKA Rocky Planets
Dominated by rocky materials Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Outer Planets: AKA Jovian Planets (like Jupiter) Gas Giants: Jupiter & Saturn Ice Giants: Uranus & Neptune + Pluto (Rocky-Ice planet?)
Minor Planets: Asteroids, Comets & Kuiper Belt Objects
Inner Planets: AKA Terrestrial Planets (like Earth) AKA Rocky Planets
Dominated by rocky materials Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Outer Planets: AKA Jovian Planets (like Jupiter) Gas Giants: Jupiter & Saturn Ice Giants: Uranus & Neptune + Pluto (Rocky-Ice planet?)
Minor Planets: Asteroids, Comets & Kuiper Belt Objects
Planetary AtmospheresPlanetary Atmospheres Ability to hold onto an atmosphere
depends on planet’s mass & temperature Escape velocity: minimum velocity to
escape the gravity of a plant e.g. Earth’s escape velocity = 11 km/s
Ice line: distance from Sun that is cold enough for water ice to be stable
Giant planets have thicker atmospheres b/c formed past ice line & therefore accreted ices & rock
Inner planets have thinner atmospheres b/c accreted only rock
Ability to hold onto an atmosphere depends on planet’s mass & temperature
Escape velocity: minimum velocity to escape the gravity of a plant e.g. Earth’s escape velocity = 11 km/s
Ice line: distance from Sun that is cold enough for water ice to be stable
Giant planets have thicker atmospheres b/c formed past ice line & therefore accreted ices & rock
Inner planets have thinner atmospheres b/c accreted only rock
MercuryMercury Low albedo
Reflects only 5% of sunlight
Has highly-crated highlands & smooth terraines similar to Moon
Highly eccentric orbit 46-70 million km
High density Implies large core
Tidally locked to Sun 3:2 resonance 3 days to 2 years
Low albedo Reflects only 5% of
sunlight Has highly-crated
highlands & smooth terraines similar to Moon
Highly eccentric orbit 46-70 million km
High density Implies large core
Tidally locked to Sun 3:2 resonance 3 days to 2 years
Irregularities in Mercury’s orbit helped to prove Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity
Irregularities in Mercury’s orbit helped to prove Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity
http://www.nineplanets.org/mercury.html
VenusVenus High albedo
Due to high cloud cover
Second brightest object in night sky
Nearly circular retrograde orbit
Thick atmosphere 90 atm ~470°C (melt Pb)
Pancake volcanoes
High albedo Due to high cloud
cover Second brightest
object in night sky Nearly circular
retrograde orbit Thick atmosphere
90 atm ~470°C (melt Pb)
Pancake volcanoes
Considered Earth’s twin 95% Earth’s
diameter 80% Earth’s mass Young surfaces Same bulk chemistry
& density
Considered Earth’s twin 95% Earth’s
diameter 80% Earth’s mass Young surfaces Same bulk chemistry
& density
Radar Map
Venusian Surface
http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html
Earth-Moon SystemEarth-Moon System
Brightest object in night sky
Two types of terraines: Ancient highlands
~ Feldspar Younger Maria
~ Basalt Low density (~3.3 g/cm3)
Implies little or no core Formation by large
impact ~Mars-sized object Explains O-isotopes, low
density & chemical composition
Brightest object in night sky
Two types of terraines: Ancient highlands
~ Feldspar Younger Maria
~ Basalt Low density (~3.3 g/cm3)
Implies little or no core Formation by large
impact ~Mars-sized object Explains O-isotopes, low
density & chemical composition
http://www.nineplanets.org/moon.html
cygnus.colorado.edu
MarsMars 1% Atm of Earth
CO2 rich
Ice caps (H2O & CO2) Evidence of liquid water Has highest mt. &
longest, deepest valley in Solar System
1% Atm of Earth CO2 rich
Ice caps (H2O & CO2) Evidence of liquid water Has highest mt. &
longest, deepest valley in Solar System
Phobos
Deimoshttp://www.nineplanets.org/mars.html
Viking Image
Pathfinder Image
JupiterJupiter
Largest planet in Solar System Bands of clouds & storms
Convection of atm Radiates more heat than
receives from Sun Rotates in 10 hours At least 28 moons
Largest planet in Solar System Bands of clouds & storms
Convection of atm Radiates more heat than
receives from Sun Rotates in 10 hours At least 28 moons
Io http://www.nineplanets.org/jupiter.html
Europa
SaturnSaturn Second largest planet in
Solar System Has well-developed ring
system Bands & storms
Similar to Jupiter’s At least 30 moons,
including “sheppard moons” Titan has thick atmosphere
Second largest planet in Solar System
Has well-developed ring system
Bands & storms Similar to Jupiter’s
At least 30 moons, including “sheppard moons” Titan has thick atmosphere
Titan
http://www.nineplanets.org/saturn.html
Mimas
UranusUranus
Twin with Neptune Slightly larger in
diameter Slightly smaller in mass
Rotates 90° to orbit around Sun
At least 15 moons Miranda shows greatest
At least 9 rings
Twin with Neptune Slightly larger in
diameter Slightly smaller in mass
Rotates 90° to orbit around Sun
At least 15 moons Miranda shows greatest
At least 9 rings
Miranda
Rings
http://www.nineplanets.org/uranus.html
NeptuneNeptune Twin with Uranus Blue due to methane in
atmosphere Bands & storms
Giant Dark Spot has disappeared
At least 13 moons Triton has atmosphere
Retrograde orbit Similar in reflectance spectra
to Kuiper Belt Objects & Pluto Ice volcanoes
Twin with Uranus Blue due to methane in
atmosphere Bands & storms
Giant Dark Spot has disappeared
At least 13 moons Triton has atmosphere
Retrograde orbit Similar in reflectance spectra
to Kuiper Belt Objects & Pluto Ice volcanoes
Triton
http://www.nineplanets.org/neptune.html
Pluto-Charon SystemPluto-Charon System
Highly eccentric & inclined orbit
Highest satellite:planet radius ratio
Similar reflectance spectra to Kuiper Belt Objects Also to Centaurs &
primitive asteroids
Highly eccentric & inclined orbit
Highest satellite:planet radius ratio
Similar reflectance spectra to Kuiper Belt Objects Also to Centaurs &
primitive asteroids Charonhttp://www.nineplanets.org/pluto.html
HST image
HST image
Minor PlanetsMinor Planets Asteroids:
Mostly between Mars & Jupiter Kuiper Belt Objects:
AKA Trans-Neptunian Objects Discovered in 1992 Source of Short-Period Comets
Oort Cloud Comets: Spherical Cloud on edge of Solar System Theoretical, proposed in 1950 Source of Long-Period Comets
Asteroids: Mostly between Mars & Jupiter
Kuiper Belt Objects: AKA Trans-Neptunian Objects Discovered in 1992 Source of Short-Period Comets
Oort Cloud Comets: Spherical Cloud on edge of Solar System Theoretical, proposed in 1950 Source of Long-Period Comets
AsteroidsAsteroids First discovered in 1801
Named Ceres Several hundred thousand
have been discovered Several 1000
discovered each year Classified by composition
& albedo 75% are C-type
Darkest, C-rich 17% are S-type
Moderate, metal + silicates
5% are M-type Brightest, mostly metal
First discovered in 1801 Named Ceres
Several hundred thousand have been discovered Several 1000
discovered each year Classified by composition
& albedo 75% are C-type
Darkest, C-rich 17% are S-type
Moderate, metal + silicates
5% are M-type Brightest, mostly metal Itokaw
a
243Ida
951Gaspara 253Mathild
e
433Eros
http://near.jhuapl.edu/iod/20000214f/index.html
http://www.psi.edu
http://www.nineplanets.org/asteroids.html
Kuiper Belt ObjectsKuiper Belt Objects
Sedna
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/14/image/a
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50000_Quaoar
Quaoar
Oort Cloud CometsOort Cloud Comets
~50,000 AU from Sun ~ 1 light year
Source of long period comets > 200 years
Materials scattered out from interaction with Jupiter & Saturn
~50,000 AU from Sun ~ 1 light year
Source of long period comets > 200 years
Materials scattered out from interaction with Jupiter & Saturn
www.solstation.com www.wikipedia.co
m
gatornet.chapin.edu
www.britannica.com
Meteorites: Time CapsulesMeteorites: Time Capsules Nebula Heterogeneous Formation Sequence
CAIs, Chondrules, fine-grained materials Some melted Some wet Some hot Some both hot & wet Organic materials present
Nebula Heterogeneous Formation Sequence
CAIs, Chondrules, fine-grained materials Some melted Some wet Some hot Some both hot & wet Organic materials present
Meteorite ClassificationMeteorite Classification
Metallic Basaltic Pallasites
Igneous
Achondrites
Carbonaceous Ordinary Enstatite
Primitive
Chondrites
Metallic Basaltic Pallasites
Igneous
Achondrites
Carbonaceous Ordinary Enstatite
Primitive
Chondrites
Martian MeteoritesMartian Meteorites Are probably from Mars b/c:
Young & basaltic Recent volcanism (130 to 1300 Ma)
O-isotopes: if one from Mars, all from Mars
Gas bubbles trapped in glass Composition ~ Viking measurements N2, CO2, H2, He, Ar, Kr, Xe & isotope
ratios
Are probably from Mars b/c: Young & basaltic
Recent volcanism (130 to 1300 Ma) O-isotopes:
if one from Mars, all from Mars Gas bubbles trapped in glass
Composition ~ Viking measurements N2, CO2, H2, He, Ar, Kr, Xe & isotope
ratios
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Carbonate Globbules
Also: PAHs
~900oC or <80oC ?
~ Antarctic meltwaterNot spatially near CO3’s
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Orange: Ca, Mn-richInner Black: Mg-rich
White: Fe-richOuter Black: Fe, S-rich
(where mt is)
Life on Mars?Life on Mars?
Life on Mars?Life on Mars?
SEM prep artifact?
Too small for DNA?
Terrestrial contamination
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Shergotty
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Life on Mars?
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ALH84001 Terrestrial
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