Chapter 22, Section Chapter 22, Section 3:3:

Progressives in the Progressives in the White HouseWhite House

Main Idea: During the Main Idea: During the early 1900s, three early 1900s, three

Presidents worked for Presidents worked for Progressive goals: Progressive goals:

Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft, and William H. Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.Woodrow Wilson.

A. Theodore Roosevelt (TR)A. Theodore Roosevelt (TR)Political AmbitionsPolitical Ambitions

– Elected to NYS Legislature @ 26Elected to NYS Legislature @ 26– Served on Civil Service CommissionServed on Civil Service Commission– Chief of Police in NYC (largest in nation)Chief of Police in NYC (largest in nation)– Assistant Secretary of Navy (2Assistant Secretary of Navy (2ndnd highest rank) highest rank)– Hero in Spanish-American War (Rough Riders)Hero in Spanish-American War (Rough Riders)– Elected Governor of New York StateElected Governor of New York State

A Progessive GovernorA Progessive Governor– Worked for progressive reforms (a “goo goo”)Worked for progressive reforms (a “goo goo”)– Became Vice President under William Became Vice President under William

McKinleyMcKinley– Became youngest President ever (42) when Became youngest President ever (42) when

McKinley was assassinated in 1901 (Kennedy McKinley was assassinated in 1901 (Kennedy is youngest is youngest electedelected President) President)

The Life of Theodore Roosevelt

Governor of New York

Author

Colonel U.S. Coast Guard

Assemblyman

Naturalist

Civil Service Commissioner

Vice-President President

B. TR & Big BusinessB. TR & Big BusinessThe “Trustbuster”

– TR believed there were good trusts (efficient TR believed there were good trusts (efficient & fair) that should be left alone, & bad trusts & fair) that should be left alone, & bad trusts (cheated public & exploited workers) that (cheated public & exploited workers) that should be controlled or broken up. should be controlled or broken up.

– He used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break He used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up Northern Securities (RRs), Standard Oil & up Northern Securities (RRs), Standard Oil & American Tobacco (first time this law was American Tobacco (first time this law was used to do what it was supposed to do)used to do what it was supposed to do)

Support for LaborSupport for Labor– TR ordered coal mine owners to negotiate TR ordered coal mine owners to negotiate

with striking workers in order to end strike with striking workers in order to end strike before winter (first time a President sided before winter (first time a President sided with labor in a dispute)with labor in a dispute)

C. The Square DealC. The Square Deal Roosevelt felt that everyone should have the Roosevelt felt that everyone should have the

same opportunity to succeed (be given a “square same opportunity to succeed (be given a “square deal”)deal”)– The Interstate Commerce Commission (The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)ICC)

was strengthened to outlaw rebates & set RR was strengthened to outlaw rebates & set RR ratesrates

ConsumersConsumers– In response to In response to The JungleThe Jungle, he sent more , he sent more

inspectors into meat packing plants & Congress inspectors into meat packing plants & Congress passed thepassed the Pure Pure Food & Drug ActFood & Drug Act, which , which required ingredients to be listed on packages, required ingredients to be listed on packages, ended false advertising & banned the use of ended false advertising & banned the use of impure ingredientsimpure ingredients

Conserving ResourcesConserving Resources– TR was 1TR was 1stst conservationist President (protect conservationist President (protect

wilderness & natural resources). Almost 200 wilderness & natural resources). Almost 200 million acres of land was set aside for national million acres of land was set aside for national parks while he was President.parks while he was President.

D. Taft & the ProgressivesD. Taft & the Progressives TR chose not to run for re-election in TR chose not to run for re-election in

1908 & backed William Howard Taft to 1908 & backed William Howard Taft to succeed him. Taft won easily with TR’s succeed him. Taft won easily with TR’s support. support.

Roosevelt assumed Taft would follow in Roosevelt assumed Taft would follow in his footsteps & continue what he his footsteps & continue what he started, but when he returned from an started, but when he returned from an African safari he was disappointed that African safari he was disappointed that Taft had lost support from Progressive Taft had lost support from Progressive reformers.reformers.

Despite this, his record shows that he Despite this, his record shows that he accomplished a lot of Progressive accomplished a lot of Progressive reforms while in office.reforms while in office.

Before

After

E. 1912: A 3-Way ElectionE. 1912: A 3-Way Election Roosevelt challenged Taft for the Republican Roosevelt challenged Taft for the Republican

nomination, but the party nominated Taft because he nomination, but the party nominated Taft because he controlled the party leadershipcontrolled the party leadership

The Bull Moose PartyThe Bull Moose Party Roosevelt & Progressive Republicans formed a new Roosevelt & Progressive Republicans formed a new

party & chose TR as its candidate. They became party & chose TR as its candidate. They became known as the known as the Bull Moose partyBull Moose party..

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson was a Progressive Democrat from NJWoodrow Wilson was a Progressive Democrat from NJ

– Former president of Princeton University & governor of NJFormer president of Princeton University & governor of NJ Wilson (the Democrat) won the election because the Wilson (the Democrat) won the election because the

Republicans split their vote between Taft & Republicans split their vote between Taft & Roosevelt.Roosevelt.– Had there been just 1 Republican, he probably would have won.Had there been just 1 Republican, he probably would have won.

“I am as strong as a bull moose, and you can use me to the limit.” – Theodore Roosevelt

When Roosevelt ran for president in 1912, the moose became a symbol for the new Progressive Party.

This Harper’s Weekly cartoon lampoons Roosevelt’s desire for the spotlight. His eldest daughter, Alice, is usually attributed with the observation, “My father always wanted to be the corpse at every funeral, the bride at every wedding, and the baby at every christening.”

In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt declared his intent to negotiate a “square deal” (i.e., a fair settlement) for labor, management, and the American public. In this Harper’s Weekly cartoon, Roosevelt is depicted as a mugger preparing to steal the Republican nomination from President William Howard Taft by hitting his rival, who appears in elegant evening dress, with the “square deal” of a brick.

This is a criticism of Roosevelt's reversal of his promise to adhere to the two-term principle established by George Washington. In this cartoon, Roosevelt stands on the Declaration of Independence and makes himself king for a third term. Crowns for two additional terms are already available.

The Republican Party &

President William H. Taft

The Progressive Party &

Former President Theodore Roosevelt

The Democratic Party &Governor Woodrow Wilson (NJ)

Election ResultsElection Results

F. Wilson in the White F. Wilson in the White HouseHouseThe New FreedomThe New Freedom

New FreedomNew Freedom – his program to break – his program to break up monopolies into smaller companies up monopolies into smaller companies to restore competition in the American to restore competition in the American economyeconomyFederal Reserve ActFederal Reserve Act – set up a – set up a system of federal banks to regulate system of federal banks to regulate banking , raise & lower interest rates, & banking , raise & lower interest rates, & control the money supplycontrol the money supply

Regulating CompetitionRegulating CompetitionFederal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission – – ensured fair competition by ensured fair competition by investigating companies who used unfair investigating companies who used unfair business practices to destroy business practices to destroy competitioncompetitionClayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust Act – strengthened – strengthened the Sherman Act & protected labor the Sherman Act & protected labor unionsunionsThe Progressive Movement declined The Progressive Movement declined sharply by 1914 because a lot of the sharply by 1914 because a lot of the goals had been achieved & because of goals had been achieved & because of the outbreak of war in Europe (WWI).the outbreak of war in Europe (WWI).

President Woodrow Wilson Policy / Act Purpose

New Freedom Idea to break up trusts into smaller companies

Decreased tariffs Increased competition with foreign goods

Imposed a graduated income tax

Raised $ for the gov’t lost by the lower tariffs

Federal Reserve Act Regulated banking

Federal Trade Commission

Stopped businesses from using unfair practices

Clayton Antitrust Act

Barred antitrust laws from being used against unions