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Chapter 22 Section 3Chapter 22 Section 3Study GuideStudy Guide
The Spread of Enlightenment The Spread of Enlightenment IdeasIdeas
Discovery of “New World” broadens Europeans' worldview;
leads to even more questions…
i.e. “What else don’t we know?”
Ch 22 Sec 1 “The Scientific Revolution”>>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->>
NAME:
Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Classical manuscripts from the Byzantine Empire
reach western Europe;lead scholars to question
accepted learning
Printing Press spreads ideas more widely than ever before;
more brains are working on solving problems…
Discoveries of Copernicusand other scientists
challenge accepted thinking
Increasing contact with the Islamic world
(and eventually, Asia)broadens Europeans’
knowledge base
5 Core Concepts of the Enlightenment5 Core Concepts of the EnlightenmentReason: Truth can be discovered through reason; the philosophes defined reason as the absence of intolerance in one’s thinking.
Nature: Nature should be our model; what is natural is good & reasonable; just as there are natural laws of motion, so too were there natural laws of economics, politics; life, liberty, and property are our “natural rights"
Happiness: We don’t have to wait for an afterlife to find happiness, we can find it here on earth IF we use reason
Progress: Progress for society was not merely possible but inevitable, IF we use reason
Liberty: Individual freedoms, liberties, rights of speech, religion, trade, personal travel, etc., are what is most reasonable; these rights are the key to unleashing people to use their reason, their initiative, and their creativity.
Ch 22 Sec 2 “The Enlightenment”>>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->>
NAME:
Reason:
Truth can be discovered through reason; the philosophes
defined reason as the absence of intolerance in one’s thinking.
Nature:
Nature should be our model; what is natural is good & reasonable;
just as there are natural laws of motion, so too were there natural laws of economics,
politics; life, liberty, and property are our “natural rights"
Happiness:
We don’t have to wait for an afterlife to find happiness, we can find it here
on earth IF we use reason
Progress:
Progress for society was not merely possible but inevitable,
IF we use reason
Liberty:
Individual freedoms, liberties, rights of speech, religion, trade, personal travel, etc., are what is
most reasonable; these rights are the key to
unleashing people to use their reason,
their initiative, and their creativity.
Ch 22 Sec 2 “Core Concepts of The Enlightenment”>>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->>
NAME:
Core Concepts
ofthe Enlightenment
Mnemonic Device for 5 Core Concepts of the EnlightenmentMnemonic Device for 5 Core Concepts of the Enlightenment
Reason: RUNNINGRUNNING
Nature: NORMALLYNORMALLY
Happiness: HELPSHELPS
Progress: PEOPLEPEOPLE
Liberty: LIVELIVE
Ch 22 Sec 2 “The Enlightenment”>>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->>
NAME:
The role of salonsThe role of salons
► ParisParis Cultural & intellectual Cultural & intellectual
center of Europecenter of Europe
► Marie Theresa Marie Theresa Geoffrin's famous Geoffrin's famous salonssalons PhilosophesPhilosophes ArtistsArtists WritersWriters scientistsscientists
Denis DiderotDenis Diderot
► Diderot & his Diderot & his Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia, 17511751 Articles & essays onArticles & essays on
► Science & TechnologyScience & Technology► ArtArt► GovernmentGovernment
Banned by French Banned by French Gov't & Catholic Gov't & Catholic ChurchChurch
► Undermined royal Undermined royal gov'tgov't
► encouraged "moral encouraged "moral corruption, irreligion, corruption, irreligion, and unbelief…"and unbelief…"
"Neoclassical" art"Neoclassical" art
► Neoclassical Art Neoclassical Art
harkened back to the style harkened back to the style of ancient Greece and of ancient Greece and RomeRome
Art should move a person's Art should move a person's deepest feelings and teach deepest feelings and teach virtuevirtue
Art should serve the nationArt should serve the nation Patriotism & NationalismPatriotism & Nationalism Commenting on the Commenting on the
present using classical present using classical subjects & settings subjects & settings
"Death of Socrates" by Jacques Louis David, 1787
Call to duty and to stand against unjust authority
"The Sabine Women" by Jacques Louis David, 1796-1799
Romans v. Sabines. Theme: reconciliation
"Oath of the Horatii" by Jacques Louis David, 1784
Patriotism & Nationalism
"Classical Music""Classical Music"
►Franz Joseph HaydnFranz Joseph Haydn►Wolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus Mozart►Ludwig von BeethovenLudwig von Beethoven►CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Structured, plannedStructured, planned symmetricsymmetric
Montesquieu's idea of checks and balances
In government
Newton's 3rd Law: for every action there is an equal reaction
Mozart's CompositionsArtists like
Jacques Louis David
Ch 22 Sec 2 “Values of the Enlightenment”>>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->>
NAME:
Symmetry, Order, BalanceSymmetry, Order, Balance
Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots
► Frederick the Great:Frederick the Great:
"I must enlighten my "I must enlighten my people, cultivate people, cultivate their manners and their manners and morals, and make morals, and make them as happy as them as happy as human beings can human beings can be, or as happy as be, or as happy as the means at my the means at my disposal permit."disposal permit."
► Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria Religious toleranceReligious tolerance Legal reformsLegal reforms Freedom of pressFreedom of press Abolished serfdomAbolished serfdom Changes undone Changes undone
after his deathafter his death