Chapter 23

Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,”

1871 - 1894

Ferris Wheel

Colombian Exposition

Chicago, USA

1893

Mass Society Parts of the emergence of “mass society”

Extension of voting rights to the lower classes A better standard of living for the lower classes Mass leisure (professional sports, amusement parks, etc.) The “weekend” became established as a time of fun By, 1871 the Focus of Europeans’ lives had become the National State, which

provided for mass education, public health & housing, economic growth, etc.

Growth of Industrial Prosperity: New Products & New Markets

Substitution of steel for iron Electricity – (new type of energy that powered the 2nd Industrial Rev.)

Thomas Edison (1847-1931) and Joseph Swan – light bulb Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) – telephone, 1876 Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) – radio waves across the Atlantic, 1901 Transformation of factories

Guglielmo Marconi

Alexander G. Bell

Thomas Edison

Joseph Swan

Internal combustion engine – Gottlieb Daimler – invented the light engine was a key development for the automobile

Automobile and airplane Henry Ford (1863-1947) –

mass production Zeppelin airship, 1900 Wright brothers, 1903

Henry Ford w/ a Model T

Wright Brothers & the First Flight

Zeppelin Airship “Graf Zeppelin”

New markets Increased wages- led to leisure time and activities Competition – led to protective tariffs Cartels – independent enterprises worked together to control prices & fix

production quotas. What is an example of a modern cartel (not drug cartel)?

Precision tools --- enabled manufactures to produce interchangeable parts, which led to the creation of the assembly line for production.

p. 706

Illustrated London News

Celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1897.

On the left are scenes from 1837, when Victoria came to the British throne; on the right are scenes from 1897.

Magazine’s conclusion:

“the most striking….evidence of progress during the reign is the ever increasing speed which the discoveries of physical science have forced into everyday life. Steam & electricity have conquered time and space to a greater extent during the last 60 years than all the preceding 600 years witnessed.”

New Patterns in an Industrial Economy Depression, 1873-1895 Economic boom after 1895 La belle époque (separate power point) German Industrial Leadership

Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader of Europe New areas of manufacturing

Increased competition among the European states for foreign markets & gowning domestic demand for economic development led to a strong reaction against free trade & the imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations

Europe’s two economic zones Advance industrial core of Great Britain, Belgium France, the

Netherlands, Germany, western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy

Little industrial development in southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia

Exports bound for Europe: Argentina sends Beef; Brazil sends Coffee; Algeria sends Iron Ore; Java sends sugar & wool from Australia

Map 23-1, p. 709

p. 710

The Tomioka silk factory built in the 1870s in JapanIndustrialization in Japan was the result of Government planning & initiative (Meiji Reformation)

Women and Work: New Job Opportunities “Right to work”

Employment opportunities for women during the 2nd Industrial Revolution changed in quality & quantity w/ the expansion of the service sector.

Ideal of domesticity – Working class organizations emphasized the gender role of women as housewives.

Sweatshops White-Collar Jobs

Increased white-collar jobs creates shortage of male workers opening up opportunities for women

Secretaries and teachers Freedom from domestic patterns

Prostitution – the rise in Prostitution can best be attributed to heavy migration to cities by country women & their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival.

1885- 60,000 prostitutes in London alone Prostitution was licensed & regulated by government & municipal authorities in

some countries Britain passed the CONTAGIOUS DISEASES ACTS in the 1870’s & 1880’s

which gave authorities to check women for venereal diseases & put them in “lock hospitals”.

Josephine Butler – objected to laws that punished women but not men who suffered from venereal disease. Called the “shrieking sisters” but were able to get the acts repealed in 1886.

p. 711

The Telephone Exchange

Organizing the Working Class

Socialist Parties Socialist parties

German Social Democratic Party (SPD) German Social Democrats – By 1912 single largest political party in Germany

Jean Jaurès (1859-1914) – leader of French socialists Social Democratic Labor Party Second International- met in 1889 differences among the delegates wreaked

havoc. One coordinated action was setting aside MAY 1st as “MAY DAY” international “labor day”.

Effects of the growth of socialist parties – the issue that brought socialists together in the 19th century was the desire to improve working & living conditions for most workers.

Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932), Evolutionary Socialism, 1899 Demise of capitalism not near Bourgeoisie expanding Proletariat improving Discarded class struggle Evolution not revolution

Formation of labor unions – Trade Union movement prior to WWI varied from country to country, but was generally allied w/ socialist parties.

First ½ of the 19thC. functioned primarily as mutual aid societies

p. 712

“Proletarians of the World, Unite!”

Pictured here is a socialist-sponsored poster that proclaims in German the closing words of the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx

Emergence of a Mass Society

Population Growth Rising Birthrate Decline in the death rate

Medical discoveries Development of vaccinations

environmental conditions Improved publication sanitation

Improved elimination of sewage Improved nutrition Increased emigration

Table 23-1, p. 714

Between 1850 & 1910, European population increased from

270 million to

460 million

Map 23-2, p. 715

The CHIEF Cause of the Increasing population was the rising BIRTHRATE!

By 1914, 80% of Britain’s population

lived in cities

p. 716

The EmigrantsPainting by C. J. Staniland, 1880 ---- People are shown saying farewell to family members & loved ones they might never see again. Ships were often crowded, making conditions uncomfortable during the journey

Table 23-2, p. 716

Some of the excess labor from underdeveloped areas migrated to the industrial regions of Europe. When those cities couldn’t handle the over population – more emigrated from Europe.

1880 – abt. 500,000 people were leaving Europe each year

1906-1910 – abt. 1.3 million people were leaving Europe each year, mostly from Southern & Eastern Europe.

Transformation of the Urban Environment

Growth of cities / Urbanization Urban Reformers

Edwin Chadwick, Rudolf Virchow Pointed to relationship between living conditions and disease Buildings begin to be inspected for problems Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain (pg. 717) Clean water into the city Expulsion of sewage

Housing Needs Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship of living

conditions to political and moral health of the nation Octavia Hill --- (read box doc. Pg. 718) Give the poor an environment they

could use to improve themselves. V. A. Huber, German reformer

Redesigning the cities; British Act of 1890 - empowered local authorities to purchase and

demolish slum dwellings, and rehouse their inhabitants.  Construct new buildings

Running water Sewage drained

p. 719

Paris under construction – L’avenue de l'Opéra

p. 719

Paris AFTER construction – L’avenue de l'Opéra

The Social Structure of the Mass Society The Elite

5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth

Landed aristocracy The upper middle class Wealthy upper middle class - Alliance of wealthy business elite and

traditional aristocracy Industrial plutocrats

The Middle Classes Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class Professionals White-collar workers

Middle class values came to dominate – were very concerned w/ propriety & shard values of hard work & Christian morality.

The Lower classes 80 percent of the European population (largest segment of

European Society) Agriculture Urban working class: Skilled, semiskilled, unskilled workers 

The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women

Many women still aspired to the ideal of femininity Marriage the only honorable and available career

Elizabeth Poole Sanford said women should AVOID being self-sufficient Decline in the birth rate in part to some birth control:

Coitus interruptus (“stupid, stupid, stupid” said Health Teacher Ms. Woodward) Abortion (taking poison, falling down steps, back room operations) Abandonment (leaving baby on doorsteps) Infanticide (killing baby – usually suffocation)

The Middle-class and Working-class Families Domesticity

Stressed functional knowledge for their children to prepare them for their future roles.

Leisure time and holiday traditions Daughters of working class families worked until married 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the

husband’s wages Limit size of the family Reduced work week

p. 704

p. 724

Many Happy Returns of the Day by William P. Frith (shows 3 generations of a family together)

p. 724

From a book of games Boy Scouts founded by Robert Baden-Powell in England – shows boy in full uniform

p. 724

Boy Scouts founded by Robert Baden-Powell in England – shows boy in full uniform

Boy Scouts – founded in 1908 in England for boys 12 to 18.

Adventure combined w/ discipline. Instilled ideals of patriotism & self sacrifice.

“The REAL Boy Scout is not a sissy. He adores his mother but is not hitched to her apron strings.”

Education in the Mass Society

After 1850, secondary education expanded Mass education in state-run systems

States began to offer public education States assumed the responsibility for teacher training

Liberal beliefs about education Personal and social development Needs of industrialization Need for an educated electorate Differences in education of boys and girls

Demand for teachers Increased literacy

By 1900 Germany, Great Britain, France, Denmark all had achieved full literacy.

Growth of newspapers

p. 726

A Women’s College – shows female medical students dissecting cadavers in anatomy class at the Women’s Medical College of Philadelphia, PA

Mass Leisure Amusement parks Music and dance halls Thomas Cook (1808-1892)

Pioneer of mass tourism Sports

Became organized with rules Professional sports

1863 – English Football Association 1869 – National Baseball League (America's

pastime)

p. 728

The Graphic: an International Soccer Match in 1872

(14 rules of play set by English Football Assoc est. Oct. 26, 1863)

p. 728

The Graphic

First match of the Ladies Football Club in 1895

Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy Reform in Britain: William Gladstone

Reform Act of 1867: Suffrage extended Reform Act of 1884 – gave English agricultural workers the right to vote Redistribution Act of 1885: Reorganized the election boroughs

No more “pocket boroughs” Salaries paid to members of the House of Commons, 1911

More people could run for office Home Rule for Ireland

Charles Parnell called for “Home Rule” for Ireland – he wanted Ireland to get its own parliament but remain part of Great Britain.

Reform in France Second Empire brought to an end w/ the defeat in the Franco-

Prussian War Universal male suffrage in 1871 Radical republicans formed an independent government

The Commune: Fighting between the Commune and the government Suppression of the Commune in 1871 furthered widened the split

between French working and middle classes. France will establish a Third Republic, 1875

Boulanger Crisis ended with French citizens rallying to the cause of the Republic

The Growth of Political Democracy Spain

King Alfonso XII Liberals and Conservatives Spanish-American War Barcelona 1909

Italy Had pretensions of great power status Sectional differences in Italy Chronic turmoil beyond the government’s control

Both Spain & Italy remained second-rate European powers, less transformed by the economic and cultural innovations of the age.

Central & Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order Germany

Trappings of parliamentary government 1871 constitution Emperor commands the military in Prussian tradition Bismarck’s conservatism

Kulturkampf – attack against Roman Catholics b/c he wants them to obey Kaiser over Pope.

Bismarck passed Social welfare programs to woo workers away from the Social Democratic Party (socialists)

Bismarck made coalitions to get what he wanted – then he dropped them.

Austria-Hungary Austrian constitution of 1867 Problem of minorities worsened with universal male suffrage,

1907 (Nationality problem remained unsolved) Russia

Alexander III, 1881-1894: Overturns reform and returns to repressive measures

Nicholas II, 1894-1917: Believed in absolute rule (autocracy) Russification = One language, One Czar, One Church

p. 732

Bismarck & Kaiser William II (Wilhelm)

1890, William II FIRES Bismarck over his plan to take more repressive measures against the Social Democrats.

Cartoon shows William on the throne of cannonballs and artillery w/ a baby socialist (dynamite) in his hand, Bismarck waving goodbye to Germany, and a woman (Germania) looking on with concern.

Chronology, p. 734

Timeline, p. 735

Discussion Questions

What were the major changes of the second industrial revolution on the lives of people?

What were the changes in urban sanitation and health?

How did the industrialization of society redesign the cities?

What were the changes in education and leisure?

Why is the “old order” so persistent in Central and Eastern Europe?