Chapter 23Chapter 23

p. 547-554p. 547-554

Cold WarCold War United Nations: born out of wartime United Nations: born out of wartime

cooperation among allies to maintain cooperation among allies to maintain peace.peace.– Began on April 25, 1945 in San FranciscoBegan on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco– 50 delegates from 50 nations50 delegates from 50 nations– Includes 3 major agencies:Includes 3 major agencies:

General Assembly: forum where all member General Assembly: forum where all member nations may express their views.nations may express their views.

Security Council: 5 permanent members and 10 Security Council: 5 permanent members and 10 elected by the General Assembly (2 yr terms)elected by the General Assembly (2 yr terms)

– Permanent members: U.S., Russia, Britain, France and Permanent members: U.S., Russia, Britain, France and China (have power to veto over UN proposals)China (have power to veto over UN proposals)

Secretariat: the bureaucracy and center of Secretariat: the bureaucracy and center of administration.administration.

United Nations cont.United Nations cont. Hoped it would provide a forum for Hoped it would provide a forum for

rational discussion and a means of rational discussion and a means of furthering world peace.furthering world peace.

Become a sounding board for propaganda, Become a sounding board for propaganda, particularly for Communist and anti-particularly for Communist and anti-American views.American views.

The Security Council’s ability to veto an The Security Council’s ability to veto an action limits the UN’s ability to act.action limits the UN’s ability to act.

Inability of the organization to force Inability of the organization to force members to recognize its authority has members to recognize its authority has hampered its efforts to preserve peacehampered its efforts to preserve peace

The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle

Soviet & Eastern Bloc

Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]

METHODOLOGIES:

1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

4. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

Containing CommunismContaining Communism

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe– Soviet Union had installed “puppet” Soviet Union had installed “puppet”

governments in Poland and Rumania governments in Poland and Rumania before the war ended (1945).before the war ended (1945).

– After 1945 East Germany, Hungary, After 1945 East Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania, and Yugoslavia fell Bulgaria, Albania, and Yugoslavia fell under Communist control.under Communist control.

– 1948 Czechoslovakia was the last 1948 Czechoslovakia was the last Eastern European country to succumb to Eastern European country to succumb to Soviet conquest.Soviet conquest.

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

U.S. ResponseU.S. Response

Truman responded with a policy of Truman responded with a policy of containment; provide military and containment; provide military and economic support to halt Soviet economic support to halt Soviet expansion.expansion.

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

3.3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.destinies in their own way.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949

Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!

China Falls to CommunismChina Falls to Communism

Chiang Kai-shek led the NationalistsChiang Kai-shek led the Nationalists Mao Zedong: leader of the CommunistsMao Zedong: leader of the Communists The two struggled against each other The two struggled against each other

since the 1920s.since the 1920s. Took a break during WWIITook a break during WWII 1949 Communist forces gained control of 1949 Communist forces gained control of

mainland China.mainland China. Nationalists forces set up a government in Nationalists forces set up a government in

Taiwan.Taiwan.

Growing Interest in China

Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek

CommunistsLed by Mao Zedong

People’s Republic of China:• In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war.

• The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war.

The Korean WarThe Korean War Korea divided at the 38Korea divided at the 38thth parallel into a parallel into a

Communist North and non-Communist in South Communist North and non-Communist in South Korea.Korea.

1950 North invaded the South1950 North invaded the South UN responded by sending troops to aid the South.UN responded by sending troops to aid the South. Douglas MacArthur was in charge of the UN Douglas MacArthur was in charge of the UN

forces.forces.– ““No substitute for victory” wanted to expand the war No substitute for victory” wanted to expand the war

into China.into China.– Truman held to a principle of limited warfare: a war with Truman held to a principle of limited warfare: a war with

a limited objective short of total victory over an enemy.a limited objective short of total victory over an enemy.

Korean War

[1950-1953]

Korean War[1950-1953]

Syngman Rhee

Kim Il-Sung

“Domino Theory”

• The U.N. sent an international force to Korea in order to push the North Koreans out of South Korea.

United Nations forces fighting to recapture Seoul, South Korea, from communist invaders, September 1950.

Luxembourg - 7

Norway (noncombat role)

South Africa - 20

United States – 33,741

New Zealand - 31

Philippines - 92

South Korea – 137,899

Sweden (noncombat role)

Thailand - 136

Turkey - 721

United Kingdom – 1,078

United Nations - 932,964 troops served

Netherlands - 116Australia - 339

Belgium - 97

Canada - 516

Colombia - 146

Denmark (noncombat role)

Ethiopia - 122

France - 287

Greece - 194

India (noncombat role)

Italy (noncombat role)

United Nations Forces in Korea: (Nation – Number Killed in Action)

• U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force, approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers.

MacArthur at Inch'on

landing

Americans pushed to the Pusan Perimeter

…the North Koreans had pushed the U.N. forces to the southeast corner of the peninsula, where they dug in around the port of Pusan…a "grim-faced and business-like" MacArthur visited Eighth Army commander Walton Walker. A witness said that MacArthur told Walker, "There will be no Dunkirk in this command. To retire to Pusan will be unacceptable." Gen. Walker gave the "stand or die" order, and over the next six weeks a desperate, bloody struggle ensued as the North Koreans threw everything they had at American and ROK (South Korean) forces in an effort to gain complete control over Korea.

With what is widely considered the crowning example of his military genius, MacArthur completely changed the course of the war overnight by ordering -- over nearly unanimous objections -- an amphibious invasion at the port of Inchon, near Seoul…The Americans quickly gained control of Inchon, recaptured Seoul within days, and cut the North Korean supply lines. American and ROK forces broke out of the Pusan Perimeter and chased the retreating enemy north. On September 27, after Washington had consulted with its allies

Inchon

regarding war aims, MacArthur received permission to pursue the enemy into North Korea. ROK forces crossed the 38th parallel on October 1, opening a fateful new chapter in the conflict.

Approaching the Yalu

The Chinese army, which had been massing north of the Yalu River after secretly slipping into North Korea, struck with considerable force. After suffering setbacks, the U.N. forces stabilized their lines by November 5, only to watch the Chinese withdraw northward as quickly as they had struck. MacArthur was now worried enough to press Washington for greater latitude in taking the fight into China. He nevertheless launched a great offensive toward the end of November, which he optimistically hoped would end the war in Korea and "get the boys home by Christmas." It proved a terrible miscalculation.

An Entirely New War

MacArthur's "all-out offensive" to the Yalu had barely begun when the Chinese struck with awesome force on the night of November 25. Roughly 300,000 Chinese troops overwhelmed the U.N. forces. On November 28, a shaken MacArthur informed the Joint Chiefs, "We face an entirely new war."

MacArthur's men fought courageously and skillfully just to avoid annihilation, as they were pushed back down the peninsula. Seoul changed hands yet again on January 5. But under the able and energetic of General Matthew Ridgway, the U.N. retreat ended about 70 miles below Seoul.

Stalemate

Beginning January 15, 1952, Gen. Ridgway led the U.N. in a slow advance northward. Inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese and North Koreans, the U.N. re-recaptured Seoul (the fourth and final time it changed hands!) on March 15, and had patrols crossing the 38th parallel on March 31. A stalemate ensued, which lasting for another two years. Not until nearly two million more had died did the Korean War end, when an armistice was signed on July 27, 1953.

Ending the War:

• President Truman disagreed with MacArthur about attacking China.

• Gen. MacArthur wanted to attack China with support of Chinese nationalists.

• U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951.

• Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by publicly taunting and threatening the Chinese.

The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]

Accommodating Accommodating CommunismCommunism

Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy continued the policy of containment continued the policy of containment but mixed with a more willingness to but mixed with a more willingness to accommodate Communism.accommodate Communism.– Peaceful coexistence: the term coined to Peaceful coexistence: the term coined to

describe the relationship between U.S. describe the relationship between U.S. and the Soviet Union.and the Soviet Union.

– Indo china: After WWII France tried to Indo china: After WWII France tried to reclaim her lost territory.reclaim her lost territory.

Cont.Cont. Communists in Vietnam played on the anti Communists in Vietnam played on the anti

French sentiment to begin a revolution.French sentiment to begin a revolution. Ho Chi Minh: leader of the Communists Ho Chi Minh: leader of the Communists

conducted guerrilla warfare against the conducted guerrilla warfare against the French.French.– U.S. sent limited aid but refused to send military U.S. sent limited aid but refused to send military

aid.aid. 1954 Vietnam was divided into a Communist 1954 Vietnam was divided into a Communist

North and a French controlled South.North and a French controlled South. U.S. sent 2,000 military advisors to aid Ngo U.S. sent 2,000 military advisors to aid Ngo

Dinh Diem (anti-Communist president).Dinh Diem (anti-Communist president).– Domino theory: that if one non Communist nation Domino theory: that if one non Communist nation

in Southeast Asia fell to communism, then other in Southeast Asia fell to communism, then other nations would fall like a row of dominoes.nations would fall like a row of dominoes.

CubaCuba Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator

Fulgenico Batista Y Zaldivar.Fulgenico Batista Y Zaldivar. Created a Communist state.Created a Communist state.

– Nationalized foreign-owned property and signed a trade Nationalized foreign-owned property and signed a trade agreement with the Soviet Union.agreement with the Soviet Union.

– U.S. responded with trade sanctions, broke diplomatic U.S. responded with trade sanctions, broke diplomatic ties and authorized the CIA to plan an attack.ties and authorized the CIA to plan an attack. The Bay of Pigs: failed attempt to assassinate Fidel CastroThe Bay of Pigs: failed attempt to assassinate Fidel Castro

– Cuban Missile Crisis: American intelligence confirmed Cuban Missile Crisis: American intelligence confirmed the existence of missile sites under construction.the existence of missile sites under construction.

– Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba.Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba.– Fortunately the Soviets honored it and agreed to move Fortunately the Soviets honored it and agreed to move

the missiles.the missiles.

The Missiles: One SiteThe Missiles: One Site

The Berlin CrisisThe Berlin CrisisBerlin’s SignificanceBerlin’s Significance

Khrushchev demanded Khrushchev demanded that the United States that the United States recognize East Germany as recognize East Germany as an independent an independent Communist nation.Communist nation.

West Berlin was an island West Berlin was an island of freedom.of freedom.

Many East Germans fled to Many East Germans fled to West Germany through West Germany through Berlin.Berlin.

Kennedy refused to be Kennedy refused to be bullied, sent troops into bullied, sent troops into West Germany, built West Germany, built nuclear shelters, and nuclear shelters, and waited for Khrushchev’s waited for Khrushchev’s next move.next move.

The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall On August 13, 1961, On August 13, 1961,

Khrushchev closed the Khrushchev closed the crossing points between crossing points between East and West Berlin.East and West Berlin.

A high concrete wall was A high concrete wall was built to prevent further built to prevent further escapes to freedom.escapes to freedom.

Kennedy sent more troops, Kennedy sent more troops, and Vice President and Vice President Lyndon Lyndon B. JohnsonB. Johnson visited West visited West Berlin.Berlin.

Kennedy said “A wall is a Kennedy said “A wall is a … lot better than a war.”… lot better than a war.”

Over time, the wall was Over time, the wall was extended and fortified.extended and fortified.

Truman and the Fair DealTruman and the Fair Deal

Fair Deal: government commitment to full Fair Deal: government commitment to full employment (federal spending designed to employment (federal spending designed to insure jobs for the unemployed).insure jobs for the unemployed).– Conservative opposition killed it.Conservative opposition killed it.– Instead, The Employment Act of 1946 was Instead, The Employment Act of 1946 was

passed, which created the Council of passed, which created the Council of Economic Advisers to advise the president Economic Advisers to advise the president on the economy.on the economy.

– Atomic Energy Commission: gave control Atomic Energy Commission: gave control over atomic energy to civilian rather than over atomic energy to civilian rather than military authorities.military authorities.

1946 Congress Captures Both 1946 Congress Captures Both HousesHouses

Taft-Hartley Act of 1947: permitted states to pass Taft-Hartley Act of 1947: permitted states to pass “right to work” laws banning the union shop, which “right to work” laws banning the union shop, which required union membership as a condition for hiring.required union membership as a condition for hiring.– It also required an 8 day cooling off period for strikes in It also required an 8 day cooling off period for strikes in

businesses involving national interests, and union officials businesses involving national interests, and union officials had to wear they were not communists.had to wear they were not communists.

National Security Act: encouraged greater National Security Act: encouraged greater communication among the armed forces by creating communication among the armed forces by creating the post of secretary of defense, a civilian cabinet the post of secretary of defense, a civilian cabinet position set over the army, navy and air force.position set over the army, navy and air force.– National Security Act and the Central Intelligence Agency National Security Act and the Central Intelligence Agency

(CIA) were also created to assist the president in foreign (CIA) were also created to assist the president in foreign policy matters. policy matters.

Election of 1948Election of 1948

Truman’s future as president looked dim:Truman’s future as president looked dim:– Fired Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace Fired Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace

for his pro-Soviet positions, upsetting the left for his pro-Soviet positions, upsetting the left wing of the Democratic Party.wing of the Democratic Party.

– Left wing Democratic supported Wallace on the Left wing Democratic supported Wallace on the Progressive ticket.Progressive ticket.

– Conservative southern Democrats, walked out Conservative southern Democrats, walked out of the Democratic National Convention and of the Democratic National Convention and nominated Governor Strom Thurmond of South nominated Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina on a States’ Rights party ticket, more Carolina on a States’ Rights party ticket, more commonly known as the Dixiecrats.commonly known as the Dixiecrats.

Election of 1948 cont.Election of 1948 cont.

Republicans nominate Thomas Dewey, Republicans nominate Thomas Dewey, the popular governor of New York. the popular governor of New York.

Truman campaigns vigorouslyTruman campaigns vigorously– Calls Congress the “do-nothing” 80Calls Congress the “do-nothing” 80thth

Congress.Congress.– He targeted his appeals to labor and blacks He targeted his appeals to labor and blacks

in the cities and farmers in the Midwest.in the cities and farmers in the Midwest.– ““I will win this election and make the I will win this election and make the

Republicans like it.”Republicans like it.”

Truman Wins!!!!Truman Wins!!!!

Biggest upset in the history of presidential Biggest upset in the history of presidential elections.elections.

Congress passed many of the President’s Congress passed many of the President’s Fair Deal proposals.Fair Deal proposals.– Raised minimum wage, extended social Raised minimum wage, extended social

security coverage, and gave more aid to security coverage, and gave more aid to farmers.farmers.

Congress rejected the following:Congress rejected the following:– Civil Rights bill, federal aid to education, and Civil Rights bill, federal aid to education, and

national health insurance.national health insurance.

Anitcommunism in AmericaAnitcommunism in America