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8/14/2019 Chapter 23 World War One Part III
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Flander¶s Field (then)
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-RKQ0F5DH the most popular English poem of the Great War"
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On the second dismal day of May, one death
in particular touched John McCrae. A close
friend, Lieutenant Alexis Helmer, was killed early
that morning when an enemy shell exploded at
this feet.John McCrae, doctor, could do nothing to
save him; but John McCrae, soldier and friend,
recited prayers as Helmer's remains were lowered
into the Flanders soil and the grave marked with
a wooden cross.
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McCrae sat on the back of an
ambulance, writing within sight of the newgrave. Helmer's death inspired McCrae towrite In Flanders Fields, a poem that tothis day relays the images of war, loss,love, and renewal.
After he completed the poem, JohnMcCrae was back at work in the dressing
station. The war was to continue forthree more years - in Flanders fields andbeyond.
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Flander¶s Field NowFlander¶s Field Now
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A group of VAD Ambulance dr ivers with a Br itish Red
Cross St John's Ambulance at Lady Murray hospital,
Le Treport on the Channel Coast in France, 1916.
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Ronald Morton, a r ifleman of the London Rifle Br igade,
stands with his parents outside Victor ia Station,
before setting off for France at the end of his
leave in June 1915.
All their faces betray what they were feel
ing at the t
ime.
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The Last Year of the War
During 1917, the Allies had been defeated in their offensiveson the Western Front, and the Russians had withdrawn from
the war.
The Central Powers appeared to have the advantage.
The German military officialEr ich von Ludendorff decidedto take a military gamble.
In March 1918, the Germanslaunched a large offensive onthe Western Front and came towithin 50 miles of Paris.
The Germans were stoppedat the Second Battle of theMarne by French, Moroccan,and American troops andhundreds of tanks.
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The Last Year of the War (cont.)
In 1918, the addition of more than onemillion Amer ican troops helped the Alliesbegin to advance toward Germany.
By the end of September, GeneralLudendorff told German leaders that the war was lost.
The Allies were not willing to negotiate
with the German go
vernment under Emperor William II.
Vintage US World War One MilitaryPoster by Charles Livingston Bull, 1917.
Join The Army Air Service. Be An American Eagle!
Hindenburg, Kaiser Wilhelm II, and Ludendorff in January, 1917
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Battles of the
Marne
Monuments
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Put
Strength
in theFINAL
BLOW
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NOWNOW
IS THE TIME.IS THE TIME.
Will YOU Answer
the call?
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Video: US Arrives Just in time« (2:00)
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The Last Year of the War (cont.)
The German people were angry andexhausted by the war. On November 9,William II left the country.
On November 11, the new Germangovernment signed an armistice with the
Allies that ended the war.
This photograph (above) was taken after reaching anagreement for the armistice that ended World War I. This
is Ferdinand Foch's own railway carriage and the location is inthe forest of Compiègne. Foch is second from the right.
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The Peace Settlements (cont.)
President Woodrow Wilson outlined his ³14 Points´: open treaty negotiations,
reducing military strength,
and ensur ing self-determination, or the right of each people to have itsown nation.
League of Nations: Wilson proposed a new world order based ondemocracy and cooperation among nations. He suggested creating anassociation of nations to guarantee political independence for all countries.
United States Senator Henry CabotLodge opposed ratification of the Treaty
of Versailles.
Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of
the United States. Won the NobelPeace Prize for his efforts innegotiating peace after World War I.
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The Peace Settlements (cont.)
The United States, Britain, and France (Big 3) mademost of the important decisions at the Paris PeaceConference.
Germany was not included. Russia was in a civil war and could not
attend, and Italy was not given a large role. Treaty of Versailles ± It was actually f ive
separate treaties with the defeated nations:Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, andTurkey.
The treaty declared that the Germans were
guilty of starting the war . It ordered Germany to pay reparations for all
damages suffered by the Allies.
Wilson returning from theVersailles Peace Conference,
1919.
Picture to left Mass demonstration in front of the Reichstag against the Treaty of VersaillesThe total cost of t hese reparations was assessed at $31.4 billion in1921 w hic h is roug hly equivalent to $385 billion in 2011, a sum t hat many economists at t he time, notably John Maynard Keynes, deemed
to be excessive and counterproductive and would have takenGermany until 1988 to pay.
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The Peace Settlements (cont.)
Germany had to greatly reduce itsmilitary forces and return Alsaceand Lorraine to France.
Sections of eastern Germany became part of a new Polish state.
German land on both sides of the Rhinewas turned into a demilitar ized zone toprevent future aggression toward France.
Europe 1914
Before WWI
Europe After WWI
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Before and After World War I
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The Peace Settlements (cont.)
The peace treaty also broke up the OttomanEmpire.
In return for Arab support during the war, the Allies
had promised Arab states within the OttomanEmpire that they would be independent after thewar.
France and Britain changed their minds and tookover control of Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine.
Called them ³mandates´ not ³colonies´ The surrender of Jerusalem by the Ottomans to the Britishon 9 December 1917 following the Battle of Jerusalem
Emir Faisal's delegation at Versailles, dur ing the Par is PeaceConference of 1919.
Left to right: Rustum Haidar, Nuri as-Said, Prince Faisal, Captain Pisani(behind Faisal), T. E. Lawrence, Captain Hassan Khadri
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Bolshevik forces marching
on Red Square.
Vladimir Leninleader of theBolsheviks.
The Bolsheviks were a small faction of aMarxist party.
They were led by V. I. Lenin and werededicated to a violent revolution to overthrowthe capitalist system.
On November 6, the Bolsheviksseized the Winter Palace, and theprovisional government collapsed.
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'W orking people arise! ' The Russian Revolution