Unit

Boy sellingfish, Samoa

Fur seal onthe beach,Antarctica

628

NGS ONLINEwww.nationalgeographic.com/education

A ustralia, Oceania, andAntarctica are grouped

together more because oftheir nearness to one anotherthan because of any similari-ties among their peoples. These lands lie mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.Australia is a dry continentthat is home to unusualwildlife. Oceania’s 25,000tropical islands spread outacross the Pacific Ocean.Frozen Antarctica covers theearth at the South Pole.

Australia,Oceania,

and Antarctica

+ Lone tree in the outback,Australia

Australia,Oceania,

and Antarctica

629

N

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EQUATOR

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I N D I A NO C E A N

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GreatAustralian

Bight

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Reef

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NEWZEALAND

AUSTRALIA

CHINA

ANTARCTICA

Dar

ling R.

Murray R.

LakeEyre

Mt. Kosciuszko7,310 ft.(2,228 m) Mt. Cook

12,316 ft.(3,754 m)

SouthIsland

NorthIsland

Great SandyDesert Macdonnell

Ranges

Great VictoriaDesert

Tasmania

GreatDi

vidi

ngR

ange

GibsonDesert

Great ArtesianBasin

SouthernAlps

M I C R ON

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IA

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NewCaledonia

Miller Cylindrical projection1,500

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6,562 ft.

13,123 ft.

19,685 ft.

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0 mi.

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500

GREATARTESIANBASIN

GIBSONDESERT

MACDONNELLRANGES CORAL

SEA

INDIANOCEAN

Physical

Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica

630

REGIONAL ATLAS

Mountain peak

60°W

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ANTARCTICCIRCLE

ATLANTICOCEAN

INDIANOCEAN

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ROSS ICESHELF

RONNE ICESHELF

ANTARCTICPENINSULA

EnderbyLand

Ells

wor

thLa

nd

Queen Maud Land

Land

M

arie Byrd

TR

AN

SA

N

T A RCT I CM

TS

. Wi l

k es

L an

d

Vinson Massif16,067 ft.(4,897 m)

EASTANTARCTICA

WESTANTARCTICA

SouthPole

Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection

1,000

1,0000

0

mi.

km

m Australia

140°E120°E

30°N

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TROPIC OF CANCER

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EQUATOR

PA C I F I C O C E A N

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CoralSea

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U.S.

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GUAM

COOKISLANDS

FRENCHPOLYNESIA

PITCAIRN I.

NEWCALEDONIA

NIUE

WALLIS AND FUTUNA

AMERICAN SAMOA

NORTHERNMARIANA IS.

TOKELAU

Koror

PortMoresby

PalikirMajuro

Tarawa

Yaren

Honiara

Funafuti

Port-Vila Suva

Apia

Nuku‘alofa

Wellington

Canberra

PerthSydney

Auckland NEWZEALAND

A U S T R A L I A

PAPUANEW GUINEA

FEDERATED STATESOF MICRONESIA

MARSHALLISLANDS

PHILIPPINES

CHINA

K I R I B A T I

I N D O N E S I ATUVALU

NAURU SAMOA

VANUATU

TONGAFIJI

ISLANDS

SOLOMONISLANDS

PALAU

A N T A R C T I C A

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Political

UNIT

National capital 60°W

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ATLANTICOCEAN

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SouthPole

BRIT

ISH

CLAIM

ARGENTINE

CLA

IM

NEW ZEALAND CLAIM

NORWEGIAN CLAIM

AU

STR

ALIA

NC

LAIM

AUSTRALIANCLAIM

FRENCHCLAIM

Unclaimed

CHILEANCLAIM

A N T A R C T I C A

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection500

5000

0

mi.

km

MAP STUDY

1 What body of water separatesAustralia from Melanesia?

2 What is the capital of New Zealand?

140°E130°E120°E

30°N

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TROPIC OF CANCER

TROPIC OF CAPRICORN

ANTARCTIC CIRCLE

EQUATOR

PA C I F I C O C E A N

I N D I A NO C E A N

Coral

Sea

TasmanSea

GREAT BARRIER REEFMARINE PARK

U.S.

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N.Z.Fr.

Fr.Fr.

U.S.

U.S.

U.K.

HAWAII

GUAM

COOKISLANDS

FRENCHPOLYNESIA

PITCAIRN I.

NEWCALEDONIA

NIUE

WALLIS ANDFUTUNA

AMERICAN SAMOA

NORTHERNMARIANA IS.

TOKELAU

NEWZEALAND

A U S T R A L I A

PAPUANEW GUINEA

FEDERATED STATESOF MICRONESIA

MARSHALLISLANDS

PHILIPPINES

CHINA

K I R I B A T I

I N D O N E S I ATUVALU

NAURU SAMOA

VANUATU

TONGAFIJI

ISLANDS

SOLOMONISLANDS

PALAU

A N T A R C T I C A

N

S

EWMiller Cylindrical projection

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0

mi.

km

Contiguous United States and Australia, Oceania,

and Antarctica:Land Comparison

Endangered Environments

Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica

REGIONAL ATLAS

Endangered Marine Environments

Coral Reef StatusHighRisk

MediumRisk

LowRisk

Mangroves

Source: United Nations Environment Program –World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, U.K.

40°W

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ATLANTICOCEAN

INDIANOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

A N T A R C T I C A

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection500

5000

0

mi.

km

UNIT 9

Area protected bythe Antarctic Treaty

MAP STUDY

1 What is the risk status of most of GreatBarrier Reef Marine Park?

2 What do the penguins symbolize on the mapof Antarctica?

Fast Facts

UNIT

GRAPHIC STUDY

1 What is Australia’s world ranking forlife expectancy?

2 By how much is Australia’s populationexpected to have grown between1958 and 2008?

POPULATION GROWTH:Australia, 1958–2008

UNITED STATES

COMPARING POPULATION:United States and SelectedCountries of Australia, Oceania,and Antarctica

AUSTRALIA

NEW ZEALAND

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

= 15,000,000

Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2000.

Source: Australian Demographic Statistics, 1999.

*projected

Popu

latio

n (m

illio

ns)

Year

1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008*

9.8

12

14.4

16.5

18.8

21

8

12

16

20

24

Australia

Ethnic Makeup

Asian 4%

Aboriginal and Other 1%

European 95%

World Ranking

Population: Urban vs. Rural

Automobiles per 1,000 people 485

Telephones per 1,000 people 505

Democratic elections YesVOTEVOTE

Data Bits

Source: World Desk Reference, 2000.

85%15%

1st

50th

100th

150th

18$20,650

18$20,650

878 years

878 years

199%

199%

GNP percapita in US $

Lifeexpectancy Literacy

Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica 633

AUSTRALIA

POPULATION: 19,400,000 7 per sq. mi. 3 per sq. kmLANGUAGE: EnglishMAJOR EXPORT: CoalMAJOR IMPORT: Machinery

CAPITAL: CanberraLANDMASS: 2,988,888 sq. mi. 7,741,220 sq. km

AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA

Canberra

POPULATION: 100,000 370 per sq. mi. 143 per sq. km

LANGUAGES: English, Local Languages

MAJOR EXPORT: Fish

MAJOR IMPORT: Foods

CAPITAL: Palikir

LANDMASS: 270 sq. mi. 699 sq. km

FEDERATED STATES of MICRONESIA

Palikir

FEDERATED STATES FEDERATED STATES of MICRONESIAof MICRONESIA

POPULATION: 100,000 1,449 per sq. mi. 559 per sq. kmLANGUAGES: English, Local LanguagesMAJOR EXPORT: Coconut ProductsMAJOR IMPORT: Foods

CAPITAL: MajuroLANDMASS: 69 sq. mi. 179 sq. km

MARSHALL ISLANDSMARSHALL MARSHALL ISLANDSISLANDS

Majuro

POPULATION: 10,000 1,111 per sq. mi. 435 per sq. km

LANGUAGES: Nauruan, English

MAJOR EXPORT: Phosphates

MAJOR IMPORT: Foods

CAPITAL: Yaren

LANDMASS: 9 sq. mi. 23 sq. km

NAURUNAURUNAURU

Yaren

POPULATION: 100,000 355 per sq. mi. 137 per sq. km

LANGUAGES: English, Gilbertese

MAJOR EXPORT: Coconut Products

MAJOR IMPORT: Foods

CAPITAL: Tarawa

LANDMASS: 282 sq. mi. 730 sq. km

KIRIBATI

Tarawa

KIRIBATIKIRIBATI

POPULATION: 3,900,000 37 per sq. mi. 14 per sq. kmLANGUAGE: EnglishMAJOR EXPORT: WoolMAJOR IMPORT: Machinery

CAPITAL: WellingtonLANDMASS: 104,452 sq. mi. 270,531 sq. km

NEW ZEALAND

Wellington

NEW ZEALANDNEW ZEALAND

REGIONAL ATLAS

Country Profiles

POPULATION: 20,000 112 per sq. mi. 43 per sq. km

LANGUAGES: English, Palauan

MAJOR EXPORT: Fish

MAJOR IMPORT: Machinery

CAPITAL: Koror

LANDMASS: 178 sq. mi. 461 sq. km

PALAUPALAUPALAU

Koror

POPULATION: 5,000,000 28 per sq. mi. 11 per sq. kmLANGUAGES: English, Local LanguagesMAJOR EXPORT: Gold

MAJOR IMPORT: Machinery

CAPITAL: Port MoresbyLANDMASS: 178,703 sq. mi. 462,841 sq. km

PAPUA NEW GUINEAPAPUA PAPUA NEW GUINEANEW GUINEA

Port Moresby

POPULATION: 200,000 182 per sq. mi. 70 per sq. km

LANGUAGES: Samoan, English

MAJOR EXPORT: Coconut Products

MAJOR IMPORT: Foods

CAPITAL: Apia

LANDMASS: 1,097 sq. mi. 2,841 sq. km

SAMOA

Apia

SAMOA SAMOA POPULATION: 500,000 45 per sq. mi. 17 per sq. kmLANGUAGES: English, Local LanguagesMAJOR EXPORT: CocoaMAJOR IMPORT: Machinery

CAPITAL: HoniaraLANDMASS: 11,158 sq. mi. 28,899 sq. km

SOLOMON ISLANDS

Honiara

SOLOMON SOLOMON ISLANDSISLANDS

POPULATION: 800,000 113 per sq. mi. 44 per sq. kmLANGUAGES: English, Fijian, HindiMAJOR EXPORT: SugarMAJOR IMPORT: Machinery

CAPITAL: Suva

LANDMASS: 7,054 sq. mi. 18,270 sq. km

FIJI ISLANDSFIJI ISLANDSFIJI ISLANDS

Suva

634 UNIT 9

Countries and flags not drawn to scale

POPULATION: 100,000 345 per sq. mi. 133 per sq. kmLANGUAGES: Tongan, EnglishMAJOR EXPORT: SquashMAJOR IMPORT: Foods

CAPITAL: Nuku‘alofaLANDMASS: 290 sq. mi. 751 sq. km

TONGATONGATONGA

Nuku‘alofa

UNIT

WRITE ABOUT IT

Voting Nearly all eligible voters participate in elections inAustralia. All citizens over 18 years old are required to vote in alllocal, state, and national elections. If they don’t vote they can befined up to 50 Australian dollars. To make it easier, elections are held on Saturdays and voting is done at schools, churches, and other convenient locations. In the United States, only about half of eligible people vote in the presidential elections.

Why do so many people in the United States not exercise theirright to vote?

Voting and participating in political activities are important parts of belonging to a democratic society. Yet in the United States mostpeople do not vote. Pretend you are the head of elections for yourcity and it is your responsibility to encourage people to vote inupcoming elections for mayor and the city council. Design a flyer that will be mailed to all households to encourage people to vote.

This woman is exercisingher right to vote. ▼

POPULATION: 10,000 1,000 per sq. mi. 385 per sq. km

LANGUAGES: Tuvalu, English

MAJOR EXPORT: Coconut Products

MAJOR IMPORT: Foods

CAPITAL: Funafuti

LANDMASS: 10 sq. mi. 26 sq. km

TUVALUTUVALUTUVALU

Funafuti POPULATION: 200,000 43 per sq. mi. 16 per sq. kmLANGUAGES: Bislama, English, FrenchMAJOR EXPORT: Coconut ProductsMAJOR IMPORT: Machinery

CAPITAL: Port-VilaLANDMASS: 4,707 sq. mi. 12,191 sq. km

VANUATUVANUATUVANUATU

Port-Vila

For more information on countries in this region, refer tothe Nations of the World Data Bank on pages 690–699.

Australiaand NewZealand

Australiaand NewZealand

Chapter

2424

To learn more about the people andplaces of Australia and New Zealand,view The World and Its PeopleChapter 27 video.

Chapter Overview Visit the Our WorldToday: People, Places, and IssuesWeb site at and click onChapter 24—Chapter Overviews to previewinformation about Australia and New Zealand.

tx.owt.glencoe.com

636

Ayers Rock in central Australia

▼

Ayers Rock in central Australia

▼

Making Predictions Study Foldable Make this foldable torecord information about Australia and New Zealand, which you will use tomake predictions about the future of the countries.

Australia

New ZealandAustralia

New Zealand

This cut willmake two tabs.

Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in halffrom top to bottom.

Step 2 Fold it in half again, from side toside.

Step 3 Unfold the paper once. Sketchan outline of Australia and New Zealandacross the front tabs and label yourfoldable as shown.

Step 4 Cut up the fold of the top flaponly.

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, write whatyou learn about these countries under the appropriate tabs of yourfoldable. Then use that information to make predictions about thefuture economic growth and development of these countries.

An Isolated RegionAustralia and New Zealand have

been called the last places on Earthbecause they are so far from otherlands. Within Australia, some farmersin the remote outback region oftenhave to drive several hours onunpaved roads to reach a distantrural town. Yet, despite its isolationand distance from other countries,Australia has a prosperous economythat ties it very closely to the rest ofthe world.

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

Both a continent anda country, Australiahas many naturalresources but fewpeople.

Terms to Know

• coral reef• outback• station• marsupial• immigrant• boomerang• bush

Reading Strategy

Create a chart likethis one. Then fill intwo facts aboutAustralia for eachcategory.

638 CHAPTER 24

11

Is Australia a country or a continent? It is both. Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world.Surrounded by water,Australia is too largeto be called an island. So geographers call it a continent.

Australia’s Land and ClimateAustralia is sometimes referred to as the Land Down Under

because it is located in the Southern Hemisphere. The island of Tasmania, to the south, is part of Australia. The Great BarrierReef lies off Australia’s northeastern coast. Coral formations havepiled up for millions of years to create a colorful chain that stretches1,250 miles (2,012 km). A coral reef is a structure formed by theskeletons of small sea animals.

The people of Australia use the name outback for the inlandregions of their country. Mining camps and cattle and sheep ranchescalled stations dot this region. Some stations are huge. One cattle sta-tion is almost twice as large as the state of Delaware.

Water is scarce in Australia. In the Great Artesian Basin, however,water lies in deep, underground pools. Ranchers drill wells and bring

Land History

Climate Government

Economy People

Signs along Australia’s lonely

outback warn drivers that

they may meet camels,

wombats, or kangaroos.

This road stretches for

800 miles (1,287 km)

between Western and

South Australia. With

only 11 rest stops

along the way,

perhaps meeting a

kangaroo would be a

good thing. It might

make the drive seem

less lonely.

the underground water to the surface for their cattle. Australia’s west-ern plateau is even drier. Imagine a carpet of sand twice as large asAlaska,Texas,California,and New Mexico combined.Most people whocross this vast,dry plateau do so by plane.Narrow plains run along thesouth and southeast of Australia. These fertile flatlands hold Australia’sbest farmland and most of the country’s people.

Unusual Animals About 200 million years ago, the tectonic plateupon which Australia sits separated from the other continents. As aresult, Australia’s native plants and animals are not found elsewhere inthe world. Two famous Australian animals are kangaroos and koalas.Both are marsupials, or mammals that carry their young in a pouch.Turn to page 642 to read about some of Australia’s animals.

Where do most of Australia’s people live?

Australia’s EconomyAustralia has a strong, prosperous economy. Australia is a treasure

chest overflowing with mineral resources. These riches include ironore, zinc, bauxite, gold, silver, opals, diamonds, and pearls. Australia also

Literature

Analyzing Literature

1. What do you think the term “spiritual cousins” means? 2. Why would it be important for people in this culture to take

from the earth only as much as they needed?

GREAT MOTHER SNAKEAboriginal LegendAll cultures developed stories to help explain their beginnings. In thisAboriginal legend the Great Mother Snake is credited with creatingAustralia as well as all of its human and animal inhabitants. In thisculture, the snake is a symbol of good rather than evil.

“. . . Then finally She awoke and brought from the womb onthe Earth itself, man and woman. And they learned from the Mother Snakehow to live in peace and harmony with all these creatures who were theirspiritual cousins …And man and woman were now the caretakers of thisland. And the Great Snake then entered a large water hole where sheguards the fish and other water creatures, so that when the Aboriginalpeople fish they know to take only as much as they can eat, because ifsomeone should take more than they need through greed or kills forpleasure, they know that one dark night, the Great Mother Snake will come. . . and punish the one who broke this tribal law.”Source: Great Mother Snake an Aboriginal legend.

640 CHAPTER 24

has energy resources, including coal, oil, and natural gas. Mineral andenergy resources make up more than one-third of Australia’s exports.

Australia’s dry climate limits farming. With irrigation, however,farmers grow grains, sugarcane,cotton, fruits, and vegetables.The mainagricultural activity is raising livestock, especially cattle and sheep.Australia is the world’s top producer and exporter of wool. Ranchersalso ship beef and cattle hides.

Manufacturing,which is growing in importance, includes processedfoods, transportation equipment, metals, cloth, and chemicals. High-technology industries, service industries, and tourism also play a largerole in the economy.

What is Australia’s main agricultural activity?

Australia’s History and PeopleDespite its huge area, Australia has few people—only 19.4 million.

Australia has long needed more skilled workers to develop its resourcesand build its economy.More than 5 million immigrants, or people whomove from one country to live in another,have arrived in recent decades.

Aborigines (A•buh•RIHJ•neez) are a small part of Australia’s pop-ulation. They are the descendants of the first immigrants who camefrom Asia at least 40,000 years ago.You may have heard of one of theirweapons—the boomerang. This wooden tool is shaped like a bentbird’s wing. Hunters throw their boomerangs to stun prey. If theboomerang misses, it curves and sails back to the hunter.

Australia was first discovered by the Dutch in the late 1600s. In1770 Captain James Cook reached Australia and claimed it for Great

World Music: A Cultural LegacyHear music of this region on Disc 2, Track 28.

MusicThe didgeridoo is the most famous musical instrument

from Australia. In its original form, it was made when aeucalyptus branch fell to the ground and was hollowed outby termites. Someone playing a didgeridoo creates a vari-ety of sounds by making a combination of lip, tongue, andmouth movements. Once you hear the eerie sounds, it iseasy to understand why the Aborigines considered thisinstrument sacred and made it part of their ceremonies.

Looking Closer What other instruments are similar tothe didgeridoo?

Australia and New Zealand 641

AssessmentAssessment11Defining Terms1. Define coral reef, outback, station, marsupial,

immigrant, boomerang, bush.

Recalling Facts2. History Why does Australia have animals not

found on other continents?

3. Economics What are four mineral resourcesfound in Australia?

4. History Who are the Aborigines?

Critical Thinking5. Understanding Cause and Effect How

does climate affect agriculture in Australia?

6. Drawing Conclusions How does life inAustralia show that the country was oncea colony of the United Kingdom?

Graphic Organizer7. Organizing Information Create a time

line like this one with at least four dates inAustralia’s history. Write the dates on one sideof the line and the corresponding event on theopposite side.

Applying Social Studies Skills

8. Analyzing Maps Look at the physical map onpage 644. What mountain peak represents thehighest elevation in Australia? What mountainrange is it part of?

Britain.At first the British government used Australia as a place to sendprisoners. Then other British people set up colonies, especially aftergold was discovered in the outback in 1851. Land was taken from theAborigines, and many of them died of European diseases.

Today nearly 300,000 Aborigines live in Australia. Growing num-bers of them are moving to cities to find jobs. In 1967 the Australiangovernment finally recognized the Aborigines as citizens.

The Government In 1901 the Australian British colonies united toform the independent Commonwealth of Australia.Today Australia hasa British-style parliamentary democracy. A prime minister is the headof government.

Like the United States, Australia has a federal system of government.This means that political power is divided between a national govern-ment and state governments. The country has six states and two terri-tories, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.

City and Rural Life About 85 percent of Australia’s people live incities. Sydney and Melbourne are the largest cities. Sydney gained theworld’s attention as the host city for the 2000 Summer Olympic Games.About 15 percent of Australians live in rural areas known as the bush.Many rural people also live and work on the stations that dot the outback.

Australians speak English, but “Aussies,” as they call themselves,have some different words. For example, Australians say “G’Day,” as aform of hello and cook beef on a “barbie,” or barbeque grill.

What kind of government does Australia have?

Web Activity Visit theOur World Today:People, Places, andIssues Web site at

andclick on Chapter 24—Student WebActivities to learnmore about the GreatBarrier Reef.

tx.owt.glencoe.com

642 CHAPTER 24

PEOPLEPEOPLE

Australia is home to some fascinating andunusual animals. In fact, many of Australia’sanimal species are found nowhere else inthe world.

Kangaroos

Ask people what comes to mind when theythink of Australian animals, and they will proba-bly say the kangaroo. Kangaroos are marsupials—mammals whose young mature inside a pouch onthe mother’s belly. The young kangaroo, called ajoey, stays there for months, eating and growing.Australia is home to more than 50 species of kan-garoo, ranging in size from the 6-foot (2-m) redkangaroo to the 9-inch (23-cm) musky rat-kangaroo.No matter what their size, all kangaroos have onething in common—big hind feet. Kangaroosbound along at about 20 miles (32 km) per hour.In a single jump, a kangaroo can hop 10 feet (3 m)high and cover a distance of 45 feet (14 m).

Koalas

Because of their round face, big black nose,large fluffy ears, and soft fur, people sometimescall these animals koala bears. Yet they are notbears at all. The koala is a marsupial. The female’spouch opens at the bottom. Strong muscles keepthe pouch shut and the young koalas, also calledjoeys, safe inside. The koala is a fussy eater who

feeds only on leaves of eucalyptus trees.Although there areover 600 species ofeucalyptus that growin Australia, koalaseat only a few types.The leaves also pro-vide the animals with all the moisture they need.Quiet, calm, and sleepy, koalas spend most of theirtime in the trees.

Platypus and Emu

The odd-looking platypus is one of theworld’s few egg-laying mammals. Sometimescalled a duck-billed platypus, the animal has asoft, sensitive, skin-covered snout. The platypus isa good swimmer who lives in burrows along thestreams and riverbanks of southern and easternAustralia. It uses its bill to stir the river bottom insearch of food.

After the ostrich, the Australian emu is theworld’s second-largest bird. Although the emucannot fly, its long legs enable it to run atspeeds of up to 30 miles (48 km) per hour.Another interesting characteristic of the emu isits nesting behavior. Although the female laysthe eggs, the male emu sits on them until theyare ready to hatch.

h Koala and joey

1. What are marsupials?

2. How far can a kangaroo hop in a single jump?

3. Making Comparisons Compare two differentanimals that live in Australia. Tell how they arealike. Tell how they are different.

+ Kangaroo and joey

Emu m

Australia’s Amazing Animals

New Zealand lies in the Pacific Ocean about 1,200 miles (1,931 km)southeast of its nearest neighbor, Australia. In contrast to Australia’sflat, dry land, New Zealand is mountainous and very green. Its climateis mild and wet.

New Zealand’s LandNew Zealand is about the size of Colorado. It includes two main

islands—North Island and South Island—as well as many smallerislands. The Cook Strait separates North Island and South Island.

North Island A large plateau forms the center of North Island.Three active volcanoes and the inactive Mount Egmont are locatedhere.You also find geysers, or hot springs that spout steam and waterthrough a crack in the earth.

Small shrubs called manuka grow well in the plateau’s fertile vol-canic soil. Fertile lowlands, forested hills, and sandy beaches surroundNorth Island’s central plateau. On the plateau’s slopes, sheep and cat-tle graze. Fruits and vegetables are grown on the coastal lowlands.

643

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

New Zealand is asmall country with agrowing economybased on trade.

Terms to Know

• geyser• manuka• fjord• geothermal energy• hydroelectric

power

Reading Strategy

Create a time linelike this one with atleast four dates inNew Zealand’shistory. Write thedates on one side ofthe line and thecorresponding eventon the opposite side.

22

Have you ever tasted a ripe green

kiwifruit (KEE•wee•FROOT)? If so,

it might have been grown on a

New Zealand farm like the

one shown here. After all,

New Zealand is one of

the world’s leading

producers of this tasty

fruit. The kiwifruit,

once known as the

Chinese gooseberry, is

now named for the kiwi

bird—New Zealand’s

national symbol.

CHAPTER 24

South Island The Southern Alps run along South Island’s westerncoast. Snowcapped Mount Cook, the highest peak in New Zealand,soars 12,316 feet (3,754 m) here. Glaciers lie on mountain slopesabove green forests and sparkling blue lakes. These glaciers once cutdeep fjords (fee•AWRDS), or steep-sided valleys, into the mountains.The sea has filled these fjords with crystal-blue waters.

To the east of the Southern Alps stretch the Canterbury Plains.They form New Zealand’s largest area of flat or nearly flat land.Farmers grow grains and ranchers raise sheep here.

Plants and Animals New Zealanders take pride in their uniquewildlife. Their national symbol is a flightless bird called the kiwi.Giant kauri (KOWR•ee) trees once dominated all of North Island.About 100 years ago, European settlers cut down many of these trees,using the wood to build homes and ships. Today the government pro-tects kauri trees. One of them is more than 2,000 years old.

Which island of New Zealand has glaciers and fjords?

Mt. Cook12,316 ft.

(3,754 m)

Mt. Kosciuszko7,310 ft.(2,228 m)

Southern

Alps

SouthIsland

NorthIsland

eg

naR

gnidiviDtaerG

Great

Artesian

Basin

CapeYork

Peninsula

Great VictoriaDesert

GibsonDesert

MacdonnellRanges

Great SandyDesert

Nullarbor Plain

Tasmania

HamersleyRange

DarlingR

ange

Gr e a t

Ba r r i e r

R e e f

Darling R.

Murray R.

LakeEyre

PACIFICOCEAN

INDIANOCEAN

INDIANOCEAN

CoralSea

TasmanSea

TimorSea

Great AustralianBight

ArafuraSea

Gul

f of

Car

pent

aria

Bass Strait

CookStrait

NEWZEALAND

I N D O N E S I A

A U S T R A L I A

O C E A N I A

TROPIC OF CAPRICORN

120°E

10°S

20°S

30°S

40°S

130°E 140°E 150°E 160°E 170°E

180°

Miller Cylindrical projection1,000

1,0000 mi.

0 km

N

S

EW

Australia and New Zealand: Physical

Mountain peak

Feet10,0005,0002,0001,000

0

Meters3,0001,5006003000

Elevations

Applying Map Skills

1. What mountain range lies nearAustralia’s eastern coast?

2. At what elevation is most of LakeEyre?

Find NGS online map resources @www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

Australia and New Zealand 645

New Zealand’sEconomy

New Zealand has a thrivingagricultural economy.Sheep are animportant agricultural resource.New Zealand is the second-leadingwool producer in the world. Lambmeat is another important export.Apples,barley,wheat, and corn arethe main crops.

Trade with other countries is an important part of NewZealand’s economy. Its main trading partners are Australia,Japan, the United States, and theUnited Kingdom. Depending ontrade brings both benefits anddangers to New Zealand. If theeconomies of other countries aregrowing quickly, demand forgoods from New Zealand willrise. If the other economies slow,however, they will buy fewerproducts.This can cause hardshipon the islands. In recent years,trade has grown, and NewZealanders enjoy a high standardof living.

Mining and Manufacturing New Zealand sits on top of the moltenrock that forms volcanoes.As a result, it is rich in geothermal energy,electricity produced from steam. The major source of energy, however,is hydroelectric power—electricity generated by flowing water. NewZealand also has coal, oil, iron ore, silver, and gold.

The country is rapidly industrializing. Service industries andtourism play large roles in the economy.The main manufactured itemsare wood products, fertilizers, wool products, and shoes.

Why does trade with other countries offer both benefitsand dangers to New Zealand?

New Zealand’s History and PeoplePeople called the Maoris (MOWR•eez) are believed to have

arrived in New Zealand between A.D. 950 and 1150. They probablycrossed the Pacific Ocean in canoes from islands far to the northeast.Undisturbed for hundreds of years, the Maoris developed skills in farming, weaving, fishing, bird hunting, and woodcarving.

The first European explorers came to the islands in the mid-1600s. Almost 200 years passed before settlers—most of them

On Location

Maori

In recent years theMaori culture hasexperienced a revivalin New Zealand. SomeMaoris dress in tradi-tional costumes forspecial celebrations.

History How did theMaoris arrive in NewZealand?

•

646 CHAPTER 24

AssessmentAssessment22Defining Terms1. Define geyser, manuka, fjord, geothermal

energy, hydroelectric power.

Recalling Facts2. Region How do New Zealand’s land and cli-

mate compare to Australia’s?

3. Economics What two animal products areimportant exports for New Zealand?

4. History Most of New Zealand’s people aredescendants of settlers from what Europeancountry?

Critical Thinking5. Analyzing Information Why do you

think New Zealand’s government guaran-tees the Maoris a certain number of seatsin the parliament?

6. Making Predictions With so many differentpeoples settling in New Zealand, how do youthink the country’s culture might change?

Graphic Organizer7. Organizing Information Imagine that you

are moving to New Zealand. Write a questionyou would ask for each topic in the chart below.

Applying Social Studies Skills

8. Analyzing Maps Look at the physical map onpage 644. Which New Zealand island has highermountains?

Physical features Economy Recreation

Climate Government Culture

British—arrived. In 1840 British officials signed a treaty with Maorileaders. In this treaty, the Maoris agreed to accept British rule inreturn for the right to keep their land. More British settlers eventu-ally moved onto Maori land. War broke out in the 1860s—a war thatthe Maoris lost.

In 1893 the colony became the first land to give women the rightto vote.New Zealand was also among the first places in which the gov-ernment gave help to people who were old, sick, or out of work.

New Zealand became independent in 1907. The country is a par-liamentary democracy in which elected representatives choose aprime minister to head the government. Five seats in the parliamentcan be held only by Maoris. Today about 10 percent of New Zealand’s3.9 million people are Maoris. Most of the rest are descendants ofBritish settlers. Asians and Pacific islanders, attracted by the growingeconomy, have increased the diversity of New Zealand’s society.

About 85 percent of the people live in urban areas. The largestcities are Auckland, an important port, and Wellington, the capital.Both are on North Island, where about 75 percent of the people live.

New Zealanders take advantage of the country’s mild climate andbeautiful landscapes. They enjoy camping, hiking, hunting, boating,and mountain climbing in any season. They also play cricket andrugby, sports that originated in Great Britain.

What group settled New Zealand about 1,000 years ago?

FOCUS ON

WORLDISSUES

FOCUS ON

WORLDISSUES

AF

P/C

OR

BIS

Symbol of Unity: New Zealand’s Natioanl Rugby TeamSymbol of Unity: New Zealand’s National Rugby Team

Closing the Gap

1

23 4 5 6

7

8

8

8

8

9

Ngai Tahu (29,133)Ngati Tuwaharetoa (28,998)Ngati Kahungunu (45,261)Tuho (25,917)Ngati Porou (54,219)Ngati Awa (11,304)Ngati Raukawa (14,493)Ngati Maniapoto (23,733)Waikato (23,808)Ngapuhi (95,451)

Major Iwi (1996 population)

Traditional areas of New Zealand’s 10 biggest tribes (iwi)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

10

10

1010

1010

Dunedin

Christchurch

Greymouth

Wellington

PalmerstonNorth

Napier

Gisborne

NewPlymouth

Tauranga

Hamilton

Auckland

Stewart Island

SouthIsland

NorthIsland

Tasman

Sea

South Pacific

Ocean

NEW ZEALAND0 50

miles

100 150

N

SW E

hen Ngataua Omahuru wasfive years old, he made a bigmistake. Ngataua (en•gah•

TOW•ah) was a Maori, a native NewZealander. He and his family lived inthe forest beneath Mount Taranaki, avolcano on New Zealand’s North Island.

One day in 1869, Ngataua made themistake of wandering away from hisparents. A band of British soldiers kid-napped him.

New Zealand was a British colonythen. Europeans had been settlingthere in great numbers for more than40 years. They had moved onto Maoriland, paying nothing or very little for it.Maoris who tried to protect their landwere often forced off it at gunpoint.

Ngataua ended up in the home ofWilliam Fox, the head of the colony’sgovernment. Fox and his wife changedNgataua’s name to William Fox. Theysent him to English schools. They cutall his links to the Maori world.

A Rich CultureThrough their religion, the Maoris

felt close to their ancestors and tonature. They expressed themselvesthrough song, poetry, weaving, wood-carving, even tattooing. They werebrave and clever warriors.

The British, called Pakehas (pa•KAY•

haws) by the Maoris, did not value theMaori culture. The Pakehas were con-vinced that no way of life was better

FOCUS ON

WORLDISSUES

FOCUS ON

WORLDISSUES

648

The New World Down Under

DA

VE

E.H

OU

SER

/C

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Maori Iwi Lands

About 200 years ago, New Zealand was

home to dozens of iwi, or tribes. This

map shows where 10 of them were.

interpreting mapsMaking Inferences Suppose you were a Ngapuhi living 200 years ago. About howfar would you have had to travel to reachthe Ngai Tahu? What might have made this trip difficult and dangerous?

In their ancestors’ clothes, Maoris do a fierce dance.

Land is sacred to Australia’s Aborigines (right).

In their ancestors’ clothes, Maoris do a fierce dance.

Land is sacred to Australia’s Aborigines (right).

649

Women in traditional dress

perform Maori dances.

Maori children. Maoris and

Pakehas often marry one another.

Maori children. Maoris and

Pakehas often marry one another.

Women in traditional dress

perform Maori dances.

Aborigine

Cathy Freeman

lights the Olympic

flame in 2000.

Aborigine

Cathy Freeman

lights the Olympic

flame in 2000.

1.

2.

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than their own. They believed theMaoris would be better off leaving theirways behind.

That ethnocentric decision guidedPakeha thinking for a century. TheMaoris were taught they had nothing intheir culture to be proud of. Cut loosefrom their traditions but not fullyaccepted by whites, the Maoris fell onhard times.

They are still trying to recover.Compared with Pakehas, Maoris todaylearn less and earn less. They die morereadily from cancer, diabetes, and heartdisease.

New Zealanders are trying to closethe gaps between the two groups. Theyare doing it both to be fair and to keeptheir nation strong. In 50 years theMaoris will make up almost a quarter ofthe country’s population.

Australia’s GhostsA similar issue haunts Australia,

1,200 miles (1,931 kilometers) west ofNew Zealand. Australia’s native people,the Aborigines, make up 2 percent of thepopulation. For tens of thousands ofyears, all of Australia was theirs. In 1788British settlers arrived. They beganalmost immediately to separate theAborigines from their culture. Theydrove them off land that was sacred tothem. They killed many who resisted.

The Australian settlers repeated theNew Zealand settlers’ mistakes. They

tried to make the first Australians morelike them.

Some of their methods were espe-cially harsh. The government decidedthat Aborigine children would be betteroff in the hands of white families. Sofrom 1910 to 1971, as many as 100,000Aborigine children were removed fromtheir parents. White families adoptedmost of them. Few of the children eversaw their birth mothers again.

Ngataua Omahuru got to see hismother again. As a young lawyer, hereturned to his homeland on business.His real family recognized him, and hesaw how badly they had been treated.He devoted the rest of his life to help-ing the Maoris fight for their rights.

It would take the Maoris almost acentury to get a fair hearing. By then,Maori foods, words, art, and songs hadbecome part of New Zealand’s culture.New Zealanders today realize just howmuch they would lose if the Maori wayof life ever disappeared.

JOH

NVA

N H

ASS

ELT

—C

OR

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SYG

MA

PAU

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Exploring the issues

1. Making Inferences Why do you think British settlers believed their way of life was best?

2. Problem Solving If you could, what twothings would you change to improve theMaoris’ lives?

round noonon February6, 1840, about

75 people stood undera tent in the coastalhamlet of Waitangi,New Zealand. The gath-ering included Maorichiefs, British settlers,missionaries, and mili-tary men.

They were there tosign a treaty. The treatygave Britain the rightto rule New Zealand. It gave the MaorisBritain’s promise toprotect them and their land.

The deal made sense to the Maoris.Shady businessmen had begun grab-bing Maori land. The chiefs felt thatBritain’s military muscle was the onlything that could stop the thefts.

Founding CharterThe Treaty of Waitangi became New

Zealand’s founding document. It is asimportant to New Zealanders as theU.S. Constitution is to Americans. Itgranted British citizenship to theMaoris. It also described how Maoris

and European settlers would shareresponsibility for New Zealand.

But an agreement is only as strong asthe will to enforce it. Greedy settlerstook control of New Zealand’s govern-ment. They used small conflicts asexcuses to take over huge pieces ofMaori land.

The Maoris tried to embarrass thePakehas into living up to the treaty.They plowed up the lawns of rich set-tlers who lived on stolen land. Theymet Pakeha troops with singing chil-dren who offered the soldiers bread.

But in the end nothing, not even thesupport of many white settlers, couldkeep the Maoris from losing more land.Waitangi Day is a national holiday inNew Zealand. Many Maoris refuse tocelebrate it, and few people wonderwhy.

1.

2.

Exploring the issues

1. Explaining What does the phrase “the will to enforce it” mean? How might the phrase apply to any law?

2. Making Inferences Why might it have been hard for Great Britain’s government to live up to its side of the agreement?

650

Maori children in traditional dress.▲

Broken Promises

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ow do you fix a problem thatbegan 200 years ago? NewZealanders have three answers.

They hope to keep the Maori culturealive. They want Maoris to have theskills they need to succeed. And theywant to pay the iwi for land their ances-tors lost.

Maoritanga, the Maori way of life, isin trouble. Few people speak the Maorilanguage. To help more people learn it,schools have begun to teach it. Theyalso teach Maori traditions, along withMaori arts and crafts, music, anddance. Maoris now have an “all-Maori”TV channel, too.

Prescription for SuccessEquipping Maoris to succeed is

another challenge. The governmentcalls its solution “closing the gap”—inskills, wages, housing, and health care.Maoris are being encouraged to stay inschool longer, so that they can find andkeep good jobs.

The land issue is difficult. The gov-ernment can’t return land to the Maoristhat it doesn’t own without hurting thepeople who live on it now. The Maoriswill be paid for lost land and other lost“treasures,” such as fishing rights.

By 2001, the Waitangi Tribunal hadawarded several iwi a total of $300 mil-lion. The tribunal, or claims court,won’t finish its work until around 2012.

“The process [of sorting throughMaori claims] is about more thanmoney,” one panel member said. “It is

about renewing a relationship that wasintended to be based on trust.”

That was the spirit of the Treaty ofWaitangi. This time, New Zealandersare determined to make it work.

651

1.

2.

Exploring the Issue

1. Summarizing What does the title of this articlemean? Where is the gap, and why do you think it exists?

2. Making Inferences Why might some Maoris beunhappy with the Waitangi Tribunal’s decisions?

C L O S I N G T H E G A P

Closing the Gap

▲ New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark

in 2001. New Zealand was the first

nation to let all women vote.

REU

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INC

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gataua Omahuru, the Maoriwho was raised in the Pakehaworld, did a lot to help his peo-

ple. He was successful in part becausehe knew both worlds well.

Americans are fortunate to live in acountry blessed with many cultures.

But how many of us take the time toreally understand another culture? Doso, and you will help bridge the gapsthat often keep Americans apart.

Here’s one way to start. First, choosean immigrant group that you would liketo learn more about. You’ll have a lot ofchoices, because all Americans haveimmigrant roots. And that includesNative Americans, whose ancestorscame from Asia thousands of years ago.

Detective WorkSecond, get together with a couple of

friends who share your interest in this

group. As a team, find out all you canabout it. When did members of thegroup come to the United States inlarge numbers? One of you could findout. Did a particular event promptthem to leave their homeland at thattime? One of you could find an answer.How did Americans view the newcom-ers? How have those views changed?How do members of this group seethemselves today—as members of anethnic group, as Americans, or as both?How has this group changed the wayAmericans define themselves? Bydividing up the work, you could findanswers to all these questions fairlyquickly.

Share your findings. Publish an arti-cle about them in a school newspaperor on a Web page. Illustrate your find-ings on a poster. Display the poster atschool, at your local library, or with achurch group. By doing so, you willhelp others appreciate the glitteringmosaic of American life.

652

1.

2.

Exploring the Issue

1. Making Generalizations In 2001, one of every 10 Americans had beenborn in another country. Why do youthink the United States acts as a mag-net for people from other countries?

2. Cause and Effect Write a new titlefor this TIME Reports feature. Share itwith your classmates. Explain why youthink your title fits the story.

▲ Auckland, with 400,000 people,

is New Zealand’s largest city.

Bridging the Gaps at Home:What Can One Person Do?

652

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653

R E V I E W A N D A S S E S SR E V I E W A N D A S S E S S

C L O S I N G T H E G A P

��Where immigrants to Australia came from, 1947-99

1997

-98

1991

-92

1985

-86

1979

-80

1973

-74

1967

-68

1961

-62

1955

-56

1949

-50

50,000

100,000

0

150,000

200,000

250,000

Asia

New Zealand, Other Pacific Islands

Americas

Europe Outside the UK and Ireland

United Kingdom and Ireland

Total Numberof Immigrants

Source:Australian

Bureauof Statistics

Australia has become one of

the world’s most successful

multicultural democracies.

UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE

1. Defining KeyTerms Write defini-

tions for the followingterms: Maori, Aborigine,Pakeha, sacred, Treaty of Waitangi, culture,

Maoritanga, iwi, traditions, rights.

2. Writing to Inform Write ashort article describing the history of the Treaty ofWaitangi. Use at least five of the terms listed above.

3. Writing to Persuade Why isit important to respect othercultures? Write a short article to support your view, using theexperiences of New Zealandand Australia as examples.

INTERNET RESEARCH ACTIVITY

4. With your teacher’s help, useInternet resources to learn moreabout New Zealand. Readabout the history of the Maorilanguage. Read about the Maori

Language Commission, andwhat it does. How important islanguage to a culture’s survival?Write a short essay answeringthat question, using factspicked up on this site.

5. With your teacher’s help, useInternet resources to find infor-mation on Maori food. Try tofind specific sites that list Maorirecipes in particular. Browsethrough the traditional recipes.Then write a 250-word articleexplaining how those recipesprovide clues to where theMaoris live, how they cook, and what foods their great-grandparents ate.

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM

6. Compare the map on theopening page with the physicalmap of New Zealand in the texton page 644. What does thephysical map tell you aboutthe land the iwi occupied?In a short essay, describein general terms what

one iwi’s traditional land mayhave looked like.

7. Visit your school or locallibrary to find books on theMaoris or Aborigines. (A goodbut long one is Peter Walker’sThe Fox Boy, which tellsNgataua Omahuru’s story.)Prepare an oral book report to deliver in class.Make sure to note the author’s point of view.

A banana leaf serves as a platefor traditional Maori food.

▲

The Making of a Multicultural SocietyBUILDING graphreading skills

1. Analyzing the Data In 1999 therewere about 80,000 immigrants.What were the two largestsources?

2. Making Inferences What mightmake people want to leave their homelands and settle in Australia?

FOR UPDATES ON WORLD ISSUES GO TO

www.timeclassroom.com/glencoe

FOR UPDATES ON WORLD ISSUES GO TO

www.timeclassroom.com/glencoe

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654 CHAPTER 24

Outlining

I. New Zealand’s LandA.North Island

1. Central plateau surrounded by fertile lowlands2. Active volcanoes and geysersB._______________________1. Southern Alps on western coast2. __________________________C.Plants and Animals1. __________________________2. __________________________II. New Zealand’s EconomyA.Agriculture

1. ____________________________2. ____________________________B.Trading Partners1. ______________________________2. _____________________________3. ____________________________4. ____________________________C. ________________________________1. ________________________________2. Wood products, fertilizers, wool products, and shoes

III. New Zealand’s History and PeopleA. ____________________________________B. ____________________________________

Outlining may be used as a startingpoint for writing. The writer begins with therough shape of the material and gradually fillsin the details in a logical manner. You mayalso use outlining as a method of note takingand organizing information as you read.

Learning the SkillThere are two types of outlines—formal

and informal. An informal outline is similar totaking notes—you write words and phrasesneeded to remember main ideas. In contrast,a formal outline has a standard format. Followthese steps to formally outline information:

• Read the text to identify the main ideas.Label these with Roman numerals.

• Write subtopics under each main idea.Label these with capital letters.

• Write supporting details for each subtopic.Label these with Arabic numerals.

• Each level should have at least two entriesand should be indented from the levelabove.

• All entries should use the same grammati-cal form, whether phrases or completesentences.

Practicing the SkillOn a separate sheet of paper, copy the

following outline for Section 2 of this chap-ter. Then use your textbook to fill in themissing subtopics and details.

Applying the Skill

Practice key skills with GlencoeSkillbuilder Interactive Workbook, Level 1.

Following the guidelines above, preparean outline for Section 1 of this chapter.

m A huge sheep herd pours down a ravineon New Zealand’s North Island.

Chapter

2424

Terms to Know coral reef outback station marsupialimmigrant boomerang bush

Main Idea Both a continent and a country, Australia has many natural resourcesbut few people. ✓Place The land of Australia is mostly flat and dry, with little rainfall.✓History Because Australia has been separated from other continents for mil-

lions of years, unusual plants and animals developed here.✓Economics Most of Australia’s wealth comes from minerals and the products

of its ranches. It is the world’s leading producer and exporter of wool.✓Culture Australia has relatively few people, most of whom live along the coasts.

Section 1 AustraliaSection 1

Reading ReviewReading Review

Australia and New Zealand 655

New ZealandTerms to Know geyser manukafjord geothermal energy hydroelectric power

Main Idea New Zealand is a small country with a growing economy based on trade. ✓Place New Zealand has volcanic mountains, high glaciers, deep-cut fjords, fer-

tile hills, and coastal plains. The climate is mild and wet.✓Economics New Zealand’s economy is built on trade. Sheepherding is an

important activity, and wool and lamb meat are major exports.✓History The people called the Maoris first came to New Zealand about

1,000 years ago.✓Culture Most people live on North Island, where the country’s two main

cities can be found.✓History New Zealand was the first land to allow women to vote.

Section 2Section 2

Sydney Opera House in #Sydney, Australia

Chapter

2424Assessment

and ActivitiesAssessment

and ActivitiesUsing Key Terms Match the terms in Part A with their definitions in Part B.

A.

B.a. electricity produced from steam

b. wooden weapon that returns to thethrower

c. mammal that carries its young in a pouch

d. hot spring that shoots hot water into the air

e. rural area in Australia

f. structure formed by the skeletons of smallsea animals

g. name for entire inland region of Australia

h. cattle or sheep ranch in Australia

i. electricity generated by flowing water

j. small shrub found in New Zealand

Reviewing the Main Ideas Section 1 Australia 11. Location Why is Australia called the Land

Down Under? 12. Place For what is the outback used? 13. Economics What does Australia lead the

world in producing and exporting? 14. History What country colonized

Australia? 15. Culture What percentage of people live

in Australia’s cities?

Section 2 New Zealand 16. Location On which island do most New

Zealanders live? 17. History When did New Zealand gain its

independence from Britain? 18. Economics Why can New Zealand’s

economy suffer if other countries haveeconomic problems?

19. Culture How many New Zealanders haveMaori heritage?

20. Human/Environment Interaction Whatleisure activities do New Zealanders enjoythat are made possible by the country’sclimate?

656

Place Location ActivityOn a separate sheet of paper, match the letterson the map with the numbered places listedbelow.

1. Auckland 6. Southern Alps

2. Sydney 7. Darling River

3. Tasmania 8. Wellington

4. Great Barrier Reef 9. Canberra

5. Great Dividing Range 10. Perth

Australia and New Zealand

C

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Miller Cylindrical projection1,000

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0 km

N

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1. boomerang

2. bush

3. station

4. geothermalenergy

5. outback

6. manuka

7. marsupial

8. hydroelectric power

9. coral reef

10. geyser

Directions: Study the graph below, and thenanswer the following question.

Test-Taking Tip: Remember to read theinformation along the sides of the graph tounderstand what the bars represent. Inaddition, eliminate answers that you knoware wrong.

1. How much wool does Australia produceper year? A 1,800 pounds B 1,800,000 pounds C about 1,700 pounds D about 1,700,000,000 pounds

Critical Thinking 21. Understanding Cause and Effect Why do

most Australians and New Zealanders live incoastal areas?

22. Organizing Information Create two ovalslike these. In the outer ovals, write four factsabout each country under its heading. Wherethe ovals overlap, write three facts that aretrue of both countries.

Current Events Journal23. Designing a Poster Choose one of the

unusual physical features found in Australiaor New Zealand. You might choose theGreat Barrier Reef, the Great Artesian Basin,or the geysers or glaciers of New Zealand.Research to learn more about this physicalfeature and how the people of the countryrelate to it today. Create an illustrated posterthat includes a map, four photographs, andfour facts about the feature.

Mental Mapping Activity 24. Focusing on the Region Create a simple

outline map of Australia and New Zealand;then label the following:

• North Island • Tasman Sea• South Island • Coral Sea• Sydney • Darling River• Auckland • Great Artesian Basin• Tasmania • Hamersley Range

Technology Skills Activity25. Using the Internet Use the Internet to find

out more about one of Australia’s or NewZealand’s cities. Prepare a travel brochureaimed at a tourist who might visit the city.Describe the city’s main attractions.

657

Self-Check Quiz Visit the Our WorldToday: People, Places, and IssuesWeb site at and click onChapter 24—Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the Chapter Test.

tx.owt.glencoe.com

Australia New Zealand

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

1,800

1,500

1,200

900

600

300

0

Mil

lions

of

pounds

per

year

Millio

ns o

f kilo

gra

ms p

er ye

ar

RussiaUruguayAustralia

New ZealandChina

817

681

545

409

273

136

Leading Wool-Producing Countries